Reaction of carbon black with diazonium salts, resultant carbon black products and their uses

ABSTRACT

Processes for preparing a carbon black product having an organic group attached to the carbon black. In one process at least one diazonium salt reacts with a carbon black in the absence of an externally applied electric current sufficient to reduce the diazonium salt. In another process at least one diazonium salt reacts with a carbon black in a protic reaction medium. Carbon black products which may be prepared according to process of the invention are described as well as uses of such carbon black products in plastic compositions, rubber compositions, paper compositions, and textile compositions.

This application is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 10/139,264 filed May 3, 2002, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/257,237 filed Feb. 25, 1999, which is a continuation of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 09/105,007, filed Jun. 26, 1998, which is a continuation of prior U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/572,525, filed Dec. 14, 1995, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. patent application Ser. No. 08/356,660, filed Dec. 15, 1994, now abandoned, and are incorporated in their entirety by reference herein.

FIELD OF THE INVENTION

This invention relates to a process for the preparation of carbon black products. The process involves reacting a diazonium salt with a carbon black to yield a carbon black product having an organic group attached to the carbon black. The invention also relates to new carbon black products and their uses.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

Much effort has been expended over the last several decades to modify the surface chemistry of carbon black. While it is possible to deposit physically adsorbed material onto the surface of carbon black, permanently changing the surface chemistry of carbon black is substantially more difficult.

Some processes for chemically changing the surface of carbon black are known and used commercially. For example, it is well known that a carbon black surface can be oxidized with a variety of treating agents. Surface oxidation is used to make some commercial products. Sulfonation using sulfuric acid or chlorosulfuric acid and halogenation of a carbon black surface are also known. Some known methods for grafting polymers to the carbon black surface are reviewed by Tsubakowa in Polym. Sci., Vol. 17, pp 417-470, 1992. See also U.S. Pat. No. 4,014,844 which grafts polymers onto carbon black by contacting the carbon black with the polymer and heating.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,479,300 describes carbon catalyst compositions and a process for their production. The catalyst compositions are prepared by treating carbon particles with an alkali or alkaline earth metal and subsequently treating the resulting carbon/metal composition with a solvating ether. The carbon portions of the catalytic compositions can be reacted with various reagents, including organic compounds, to produce carbon compositions.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,043,708 describes modified carbon blacks having hydrocarbon groups chemically attached to the surface of the carbon black. The modified carbon blacks are prepared by reacting carbon black with an alkylating agent in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts type reaction catalyst. The hydrocarbon groups which reportedly can attach to the surface of the carbon black include aliphatic and aromatic groups. A modified carbon black containing aryl groups attached to the surface of a carbon black is reported as being preparable by reacting a halogenated carbon black with an aromatic hydrocarbon in the presence of a Friedel-Crafts type catalyst. U.S. Pat. No. 3,025,259 describes rubber compositions containing the modified carbon blacks of U.S. Pat. No. 3,043,708.

U.S. Pat. No. 3,335,020 describes modified carbon blacks where the carbon black is treated with benzene which is then polymerized on the carbon black. To prepare these modified carbon blacks, benzene and carbon black are mixed with a Lewis. Acid catalyst under anhydrous conditions for about ten minutes. The benzene on the carbon black is then polymerized to parapolyphenyl by means of a combination co-catalyst-oxidizing agent and is reportedly thereby bonded to the carbon black.

U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,502,254 and 2,514,236 describe the manufacture of pigments containing carbon black. U.S. Pat. No. 2,502,254 reports that highly dispersed pigments suitable for mass pigmentation of viscose can be obtained by generating an azo pigment in the presence of carbon black.

The pigment is produced by coupling a diazotized amine and another usual intermediate for a yellow, orange, or red pigment in the presence of carbon black in one or the other of the aqueous solutions of which the mixing brings about the coupling. U.S. Pat. No. 2,514,236 reports that this process can also prepare a chocolate brown pigment by coupling one molecular proportion of a tetrazotized benzidine with two molecular proportions of an arylmethyl pyrazolone in the presence of carbon black.

PCT Patent Application No. WO 92/13983 describes a process for modifying the surfaces of carbon-containing materials by electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts. The process is reportedly applicable, in particular, to carbon plates and carbon fibers for composite materials. Carbon-containing materials modified by the process are also described. Electrochemical reduction of diazonium salts containing functionalized aryl radicals to covalently modify carbon surfaces is also described in Delmar et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1992, 114, 5883-5884.

According to WO 92/13983, the process for modifying the surface of a carbon-containing material consists of grafting an aromatic group to the surface of this material by electrochemical reduction of a diazonium salt including this aromatic group. The carbon-containing material is placed in contact with a diazonium salt solution in an aprotic solvent and is negatively charged with respect to an anode which is also in contact with the diazonium salt solution. Use of a protic solvent is reported to prevent the electrochemical process from producing the intended product as a result of reducing the diazonium triple bond to yield a hydrazine.

Despite the technology discussed above, there remains a need to modify the surface chemistry of carbon black and impart desired properties to the carbon black.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

Accordingly, the present invention relates to processes for preparing a carbon black product having an organic group attached to the carbon black. One process comprises the step of reacting at least one diazonium salt with a carbon black in the absence of an externally applied electric current sufficient to reduce the diazonium salt. Another process comprises the step of reacting at least one diazonium salt with a carbon black in a protic reaction medium.

Other embodiments of the invention relate to novel carbon black products, which may be prepared according to a process of the invention. The carbon black products may be used in the same applications as conventional carbon blacks. Such uses include, but are not limited to, plastic compositions, aqueous inks, aqueous coatings, rubber compositions, paper compositions, and textile compositions.

The description which follows sets out additional features and advantages of the invention. These functions will be apparent from that description or may be learned by practice of the invention as described. The objectives and other advantages will be realized and attained by the processes, products, and compositions particularly pointed out in the description below and the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION

Processes for Preparing a Carbon Black Product

A first embodiment of the invention provides processes for preparing a carbon black product having an organic group attached to the carbon black. One process involves the reaction of at least one diazonium salt with a carbon black in the absence of an externally applied current sufficient to reduce the diazonium salt. That is, the reaction between the diazonium salt and the carbon black proceeds without an external source of electrons sufficient to reduce the diazonium salt. Mixtures of different diazonium salts may be used in the process of the invention. This process can be carried out under a variety of reaction conditions and in any type of reaction medium, including both protic and aprotic solvent systems or slurries.

In another process, at least one diazonium salt reacts with a carbon black in a protic reaction medium. Mixtures of different diazonium salts may be used in this process of the invention. This process can also be carried out under a variety of reaction conditions.

Preferably, in both processes, the diazonium salt is formed in situ. If desired, in either process, the carbon black product can be isolated and dried by means known in the art. Furthermore, the resultant carbon black product can be treated to remove impurities by known techniques. The various preferred embodiments of these processes are discussed below and are shown in the examples.

Any carbon black may be used in the processes of this invention. The resulting carbon black products are useful in applications known for conventional carbon blacks. The properties of the carbon blacks are selected based upon the intended application. More importantly, the processes of this invention can be used to provide carbon black products having advantageous properties not associated with conventional carbon blacks.

The processes of the invention can be carried out under a wide variety of conditions and in general are not limited by any particular condition. The reaction conditions must be such that the particular diazonium salt is sufficiently stable to allow it to react with the carbon black. Thus, the processes can be carried out under reaction conditions where the diazonium salt is short lived. As the examples below illustrate, the reaction between the diazonium salt and the carbon black occurs, for example, over a wide range of pH and temperature. The processes can be carried out at acidic, neutral, and basic pH. Preferably, the pH ranges from about 1 to 9. The reaction temperature may preferably range from 0° C. to 100° C.

Diazonium salts, as known in the art, may be formed for example by the reaction of primary amines with aqueous solutions of nitrous acid. A general discussion of diazonium salts and methods for their preparation is found in Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., pp. 973-983, (Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1987) and March, Advanced Organic Chemistry: Reactions, Mechanisms, and Structures, 4th Ed., (Wiley, 1992). According to this invention, a diazonium salt is an organic compound having one or more diazonium groups.

In the processes of the invention, the diazonium salt may be prepared prior to reaction with the carbon black or, more preferably, generated in situ using techniques known in the art. In situ generation also allows the use of unstable diazonium salts such as alkyl diazonium salts and avoids unnecessary handling or manipulation of the diazonium salt. In particularly preferred processes of this invention, both the nitrous acid and the diazonium salt are generated in situ. Each of these variations is shown in the examples below.

A diazonium salt, as is known in the art, may be generated by reacting a primary amine, a nitrite and an acid. The nitrite may be any metal nitrite, preferably lithium nitrite, sodium nitrite, potassium nitrite, or zinc nitrite, or any organic nitrite such as for example isoamylnitrite or ethylnitrite. The acid may be any acid, inorganic or organic, which is effective in the generation of the diazonium salt. Preferred acids include nitric acid, HNO₃, hydrochloric acid, HCl, and sulfuric acid, H₂SO₄.

The diazonium salt may also be generated by reacting the primary amine with an aqueous solution of nitrogen dioxide. The aqueous solution of nitrogen dioxide, NO₂/H₂O, provides the nitrous acid needed to generate the diazonium salt.

Generating the diazonium salt in the presence of excess HCl may be less preferred than other alternatives because HCl is corrosive to stainless steel. Generation of the diazonium salt with NO₂/H₂O has the additional advantage of being less corrosive to stainless steel or other metals commonly used for reaction vessels. Generation using H₂SO₄/NaNO₂ or HNO₃/NaNO₂ are also relatively non-corrosive.

In general, generating a diazonium salt from a primary amine, a nitrite, and an acid requires two equivalents of acid based on the amount of amine used. In an in situ process, the diazonium salt can be generated using one equivalent of the acid. When the primary amine contains a strong acid group, adding a separate acid may not be necessary in the processes of the invention. The acid group or groups of the primary amine can supply one or both of the needed equivalents of acid. When the primary amine contains a strong acid group, preferably either no additional acid or up to one equivalent of additional acid is added to a process of the invention to generate the diazonium salt in situ. A slight excess of additional acid may be used. One example of such a primary amine is para-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (sulfanilic acid). Others are shown in the examples below.

In general, diazonium salts are thermally unstable. They are typically prepared in solution at low temperatures, such as 0-5° C., and used without isolation of the salt. Heating solutions of some diazonium salts may liberate nitrogen and form either the corresponding alcohols in acidic media or the organic free radicals in basic media.

However, to accomplish the process of the invention, the diazonium salt need only be sufficiently stable to allow reaction with the carbon black. Thus, the processes of the present invention can be carried out with some diazonium salts otherwise considered to be unstable and subject to decomposition. Some decomposition processes may compete with the reaction between the carbon black and the diazonium salt and may reduce the total number of organic groups attached to the carbon black. Further, the reaction may be carried out at elevated temperatures where many diazonium salts may be susceptible to decomposition. Elevated temperatures may also advantageously increase the solubility of the diazonium salt in the reaction medium and improve its handling during the process. However, elevated temperatures may result in some loss of the diazonium salt due to other decomposition processes.

The processes of the invention can be accomplished by adding the reagents to form the diazonium salt in situ, to a suspension of carbon black in the reaction medium, for example, water. Thus, a carbon black suspension to be used may already contain one or more reagents to generate the diazonium salt and the process of the invention accomplished by adding the remaining reagents. Some permutations of such processes are shown in the examples below.

Reactions to form a diazonium salt are compatible with a large variety of functional groups commonly found on organic compounds. Thus, only the availability of a diazonium salt for reaction with a carbon black limits the processes of the invention.

The processes of this invention can be carried out in any reaction medium which allows the reaction between the diazonium salt and the carbon black to proceed. Preferably, the reaction medium is a solvent-based system. The solvent may be a protic solvent, an aprotic solvent, or a mixture of solvents. Protic solvents are solvents, like water or methanol, containing a hydrogen attached to an oxygen or nitrogen and thus are sufficiently acidic to form hydrogen bonds. Aprotic solvents are solvents which do not contain an acidic hydrogen as defined above. Aprotic solvents include, for example, solvents such as hexanes, tetrahydrofuran (THF), acetonitrile, and benzonitrile. For a discussion of protic and aprotic solvents see Morrison and Boyd, Organic Chemistry, 5th Ed., pp. 228-231, (Allyn and Bacon, Inc. 1987).

The processes of this invention are preferably carried out in a protic reaction medium, that is, in a protic solvent alone or a mixture of solvents which contains at least one protic solvent. Preferred protic media include, but are not limited to water, aqueous media containing water and other solvents, alcohols, and any media containing an alcohol, or mixtures of such media.

According to the processes of the invention, the reaction between a diazonium salt and a carbon black can take place with any type of carbon black, for example, in fluffy or pelleted form. In one embodiment designed to reduce production costs, the reaction occurs during a process for forming carbon black pellets. For example, a carbon black product of the invention can be prepared in a dry drum by spraying a solution or slurry of a diazonium salt onto a carbon black. Alternatively, the carbon black product can be prepared by pelletizing a carbon black in the presence of a solvent system, such as water, containing the diazonium salt or the reagents to generate the diazonium salt in situ. Aqueous solvent systems are preferred. Accordingly, another embodiment of the invention provides a process for forming a pelletized carbon black comprising the steps of: introducing a carbon black and an aqueous slurry or solution of a diazonium salt into a pelletizer, reacting the diazonium salt with the carbon black to attach an organic group to the carbon black, and pelletizing the resulting carbon black having an attached organic group. The pelletized carbon black product may then be dried using conventional techniques.

In general, the processes of the invention produce inorganic by-products, such as salts. In some end uses, such as those discussed below, these by-products may be undesirable. Several possible ways to produce a carbon black product according to a process of the invention without unwanted inorganic by-products or salts are as follows:

First, the diazonium salt can be purified before use by removing the unwanted inorganic by-product using means known in the art. Second, the diazonium salt can be generated with the use of an organic nitrite as the diazotization agent yielding the corresponding alcohol rather than an inorganic salt. Third, when the diazonium salt is generated from an amine having an acid group and aqueous NO₂, no inorganic salts are formed. Other ways may be known to those of skill in the art.

In addition to the inorganic by-products, a process of the invention may also produce organic by-products. They can be removed, for example, by extraction with organic solvents. Other ways may be known to those of skill in the art.

Carbon Black Products

The reaction between a diazonium salt and a carbon black according to a process of this invention forms a carbon black product having an organic group attached to the carbon black. The diazonium salt may contain the organic group to be attached to the carbon black. Thus, the present invention relates to carbon black products having an organic group attached to the carbon black, particularly those prepared by a process of this invention. It may be possible to produce the carbon black products of this invention by other means known to those skilled in the art.

The organic group may be an aliphatic group, a cyclic organic group, or an organic compound having an aliphatic portion and a cyclic portion. As discussed above, the diazonium salt employed in the processes of the invention can be derived from a primary amine having one of these groups and being capable of forming, even transiently, a diazonium salt. The organic group may be substituted or unsubstituted, branched or unbranched. Aliphatic groups include, for example, groups derived from alkanes, alkenes, alcohols, ethers, aldehydes, ketones, carboxylic acids, and carbohydrates. Cyclic organic groups include, but are not limited to, alicyclic hydrocarbon groups (for example, cycloalkyls, cycloalkenyls), heterocyclic hydrocarbon groups (for example, pyrrolidinyl, pyrrolinyl, piperidinyl, morpholinyl, and the like), aryl groups (for example, phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, and the like), and heteroaryl groups (imidazolyl, pyrazolyl, pyridinyl, thienyl, thiazolyl, furyl, indolyl, and the like). As the steric hinderance of a substituted organic group increases, the number of organic groups attached to the carbon black from the reaction between the diazonium salt and the carbon black may be diminished.

When the organic group is substituted, it may contain any functional group compatible with the formation of a diazonium salt. Preferred functional groups include, but are not limited to, R, OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, carboxylate salts such as COOLi, COONa, COOK, COO⁻NR₄ ⁺, halogen, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, sulfonate salts such as SO₃Li, SO₃Na, SO₃K_(i) SO₃NR₄, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, PO₃H₂, phosphonate salts such as PO₃HNa and PO₃Na₂, phosphate salts such as OPO₃HNa and OPO₃Na₂, N═NR, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SSO₃H, SSO₃ ⁻ salts, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl) 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R. R and R′, which can be the same or different, are independently hydrogen, branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ substituted or unsubstituted, saturated or unsaturated hydrocarbon, e.g., alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl, substituted or unsubstituted aryl, substituted or unsubstituted heteroaryl, substituted or unsubstituted alkylaryl, or substituted or unsubstituted arylalkyl. The integer k ranges from 1-8 and preferably from 2-4. The anion X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid. Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where w is an integer from 2 to 6 and x and z are integers from 1 to 6.

A preferred organic group is an aromatic group of the formula A_(y)Ar—, which corresponds to a primary amine of the formula A_(y)ArNH₂. In this formula, the variables have the following meanings: Ar is an aromatic radical such as an aryl or heteroaryl group. Preferably, Ar is selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, biphenyl, pyridinyl, benzothiadiazolyl, and benzothiazolyl; A is a substituent on the aromatic radical independently selected from a preferred functional group described above or A is a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical (preferably containing 1 to 20 carbon atoms), unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of those functional groups; and y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals in the aromatic radical. For instance, y is an integer from 1 to 5 when Ar is phenyl, 1 to 7 when Ar is naphthyl, 1 to 9 when Ar is anthracenyl, phenanthrenyl, or biphenyl, or 1 to 4 when Ar is pyridinyl.

In the above formula, specific examples of R and R′ are NH₂—C₆H₄—, CH₂CH₂—C₆H₄—NH₂, CH₂—C₆H₄—NH₂, and C₆H₅.

Another preferred set of organic groups which may be attached to the carbon black are organic groups substituted with an ionic or an ionizable group as a functional group. An ionizable group is one which is capable of forming an ionic group in the medium of use. The ionic group may be an anionic group or a cationic group and the ionizable group may form an anion or a cation.

Ionizable functional groups forming anions include, for example, acidic groups or salts of acidic groups. The organic groups, therefore, include groups derived from organic acids. Preferably, when it contains an ionizable group forming an anion, such an organic group has a) an aromatic group and b) at least one acidic group having a pKa of less than 11, or at least one salt of an acidic group having a pKa of less than 11, or a mixture of at least one acidic group having a pKa of less than 11 and at least one salt of an acidic group having a pKa of less than 11. The pKa of the acidic group refers to the pKa of the organic group as a whole, not just the acidic substituent. More preferably, the pKa is less than 10 and most preferably less than 9. Preferably, the aromatic group of the organic group is directly attached to the carbon black. The aromatic group may be further substituted or unsubstituted, for example, with alkyl groups. More preferably, the organic group is a phenyl or a naphthyl group and the acidic group is a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a phosphonic acid group, or a carboxylic acid group. Examples of these acidic groups and their salts are discussed above. Most preferably, the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted sulfophenyl group or a salt thereof; a substituted or unsubstituted (polysulfo)phenyl group or a salt thereof; a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonaphthyl group or a salt thereof; or a substituted or unsubstituted (polysulfo)naphthyl group or a salt thereof. A preferred substituted sulfophenyl group is hydroxysulfophenyl group or a salt thereof.

Specific organic groups having an ionizable functional group forming an anion (and their corresponding primary amines for use in a process according to the invention) are p-sulfophenyl (p-sulfanilic acid), 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl (2-hydroxy-5-amino-benzenesulfonic acid), and 2-sulfoethyl (2-aminoethanesulfonic acid). Other organic groups having ionizable functional groups forming anions are shown in the examples below.

Amines represent examples of ionizable functional groups that form cationic groups. For example, amines may be protonated to form ammonium groups in acidic media. Preferably, an organic group having an amine substituent has a pKb of less than 5. Quaternary ammonium groups (—NR₃ ⁺) and quaternary phosphonium groups (—PR₃ ⁺) also represent examples of cationic groups. Preferably, the organic group contains an aromatic group such as a phenyl or a naphthyl group and a quaternary ammonium or a quaternary phosphonium group. The aromatic group is preferably directly attached to the carbon black. Quaternized cyclic amines, and even quaternized aromatic amines, can also be used as the organic group. Thus, N-substituted pyridinium compounds, such as N-methylpyridyl, can be used in this regard. Examples of organic groups include, but are not limited to, (C₅H₄N)C₂H₅ ⁺, C₆H₄(NC₅H₅)⁺, C₆H₄COCH₂N(CH₃)₃ ⁺, C₆H₄COCH₂(NC₅H₅)⁺, (C₅H₄N)CH₃ ⁺, and C₆H₄CH₂N(CH₃)₃ ⁺.

An advantage of the carbon black products having an attached organic group substituted with an ionic or an ionizable group is that the carbon black product may have increased water dispersibility relative to the corresponding untreated carbon black. As shown in the Examples, water dispersibility of a carbon black product increases with the number of organic groups attached to the carbon black having an ionizable group or the number of ionizable groups attached to a given organic group. Thus, increasing the number of ionizable groups associated with the carbon black product should increase its water dispersibility and permits control of the water dispersibility to a desired level. It can be noted that the water dispersibility of a carbon black product containing an amine as the organic group attached to the carbon black may be increased by acidifying the aqueous medium.

Because the water dispersibility of the carbon black products depends to some extent on charge stabilization, it is preferable that the ionic strength of the aqueous medium be less than 0.1 molar. More preferably, the ionic strength is less than 0.01 molar.

When such a water dispersible carbon black product is prepared by a process of the invention, it is preferred that the ionic or ionizable groups be ionized in the reaction medium. The resulting product solution or slurry may be used as is or diluted prior to use. Alternatively, the carbon black product may be dried by techniques used for conventional carbon blacks. These techniques include, but are not limited to, drying in ovens and rotary kilns. Overdrying, however, may cause a loss in the degree of water dispersibility.

In addition to their water dispersibility, carbon black products having an organic group substituted with an ionic or an ionizable group may also be dispersible in polar organic solvents such as dimethylsulfoxide (DMSO), and formamide. In alcohols such as methanol or ethanol, use of complexing agents such as crown ethers increases the dispersibility of carbon black products having an organic group containing a metal salt of an acidic group.

Aromatic sulfides encompass another group of preferred organic groups. Carbon black products having aromatic sulfide groups are particularly useful in rubber compositions. These aromatic sulfides can be represented by the formulas Ar(CH₂)_(q)S_(k)(CH₂)_(r)Ar′ or A-(CH₂)_(q)S_(K)(CH₂)_(r)Ar″ wherein Ar and Ar′ are independently substituted or unsubstituted arylene or heteroarylene groups, Ar″ is an aryl or heteroaryl group, k is 1 to 8 and q and r are 0-4. Substituted aryl groups would include substituted alkylaryl groups. Preferred arylene groups include phenylene groups, particularly p-phenylene groups, or benzothiazolylene groups. Preferred aryl groups include phenyl, naphthyl and benzothiazolyl. The number of sulfurs present, defined by k preferably ranges from 2 to 4. Particularly preferred aromatic sulfide groups are bis-para-(C₆H₄)—S₂—(C₆H₄)— and para-(C₆H₄)—S₂—(C₆H₅). The diazonium salts of these aromatic sulfide groups may be conveniently prepared from their corresponding primary amines, H₂N—Ar—S_(k)—Ar′—NH₂ or H₂N—Ar—S_(k)—Ar″.

Another preferred set of organic groups which may be attached to the carbon black are organic groups having an aminophenyl, such as (C₆H₄)—NH₂, (C₆H₄)—CH₂—(C₆H₄)—NH₂, (C₆H₄)—SO₂—(C₆H₄)—NH₂.

Uses of the Carbon Black Products

The carbon black products of this invention may be used in the same applications as conventional carbon blacks. The organic groups attached to the carbon black, however, can be used to modify and improve the properties of a given carbon black for a particular use. If desired these organic groups attached to the carbon black may also be chemically changed using means known in the art into other groups for a particular use. For example, an acid group can be converted to its salt or its amide.

Carbon black products according to the invention have been prepared and evaluated in a number of end use applications. These uses include, for example, plastic compositions, aqueous inks, aqueous coatings, rubber compositions, paper compositions and textile compositions. The following paragraphs describe these uses generally and examples of each are shown below.

The carbon black products of this invention may be used as pigments or colorants in a plastic material. The carbon black products of the invention can also be used to impart conductivity to a plastic material. The carbon black products of the invention may give an increased rate of dispersion or improved quality of dispersion over the corresponding untreated carbon blacks. These improvements offer an economic advantage in plastic manufacture and in value of the finished product, respectively. As shown in Examples 47-62, using carbon black products of the invention may improve impact strength of the plastic. Thus, the invention relates to an improved plastic composition comprising a plastic and a carbon black, the improvement comprising the use of a carbon black product according to the invention.

As with conventional carbon blacks, the carbon black products can be used with a variety of plastics, including but not limited to plastics made from thermoplastic resins, thermosetting resins, or engineered materials, for example, composites. Typical kinds of thermoplastic resins include: (1) acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene (ABS) resins; (2) acetals; (3) acrylics; (4) cellulosics; (5) chlorinated polyethers; (6) fluorocarbons, such as polytetrafluoroethylene (TFE), polychlorotrifluoroethylene (CTFE), and fluorinated ethylene propylene (FEP); (7) nylons (polyamides); (8) polycarbonates; (9) polyethylenes (including copolymers); (10) polypropylenes (including copolymers); (11) polystyrenes; (12) vinyls (polyvinyl chloride); (13) thermoplastic polyesters, such as polyethylene terephthalate or polybutylene terephthalate; (14) polyphenylene ether alloys; and blends and alloys of the above with rubber modifiers. Typical thermosetting resins include: (1) alkyds; (2) allylics; (3) the aminos (melamine and urea); (4) epoxies; (5) phenolics; (6) polyesters; (7) silicones; and (8) urethanes.

Generally, the carbon black product is added like any other pigment to the plastic used to form a plastic premix. This can be done, for example, in a dry mix or a melt stage. The carbon black products of the invention may be used in combination with other conventional additives in plastic compositions. According to the invention, the term plastic composition includes, but is not limited to, any plastic material, article, goods, surface, fabric, sheet, and the like For example, plastic materials include automotive parts, siding for homes, liners for swimming pools, roofing materials, packaging materials, and any variety of other household or industrial items.

The carbon black products of this invention are also useful in aqueous ink formulations. The water-dispersible carbon black products discussed above are particularly preferred for this use. Thus, the invention provides an improved ink composition comprising water and a carbon black, the improvement comprising the use of a carbon black product according to the invention. Other known aqueous ink additives may be incorporated into the aqueous ink formulation.

In general, an ink consists of four basic components: (1) a colorant or pigment, (2) a vehicle or varnish which functions as a carrier during printing, (3) additives to improve printability drying, and the like, and (4) solvents to adjust viscosity, drying and the compatibility of the other ink components. For a general discussion on the properties, preparation and uses of aqueous inks, see The Printing Manual, 5th Ed., Leach et al, Eds. (Chapman and Hall, 1993). Various aqueous ink compositions are also disclosed, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 2,833,736, 3,607,813, 4,104,833, 4,308,061, 4,770,706, and 5,026,755.

The carbon black products of the invention, either as predispersion or as a solid, can be incorporated into an aqueous ink formulation using standard techniques. Use of a water dispersible carbon black product of the invention provides a significant advantage and cost savings by reducing or eliminating the milling steps generally used with other conventional carbon blacks.

Flexographic inks represent a group of aqueous ink compositions. Flexographic inks generally include a colorant, a binder, and a solvent. The carbon black products of the invention, particularly the water-dispersible carbon products, are useful as flexographic ink colorants. Example 101 shows the use of a carbon black product of the invention in an aqueous flexographic ink formulation.

The carbon black products of the invention can be used in aqueous news inks. For example, an aqueous news ink composition may comprise water, the carbon black products of the invention, a resin and conventional additives such as antifoam additives or a surfactant.

The carbon black products of the invention may also be used in aqueous coating compositions such as paints or finishes. The use of the water dispersible carbon black products discussed above in such coating compositions is preferred. Thus, an embodiment of the invention is an improved aqueous coating composition comprising water, resin and a carbon black, the improvement comprising the use of a carbon black product according to the invention. Other known aqueous coating additives may be incorporated the aqueous coating compositions. See, for example, McGraw-Hill Encyclopedia of Science & Technology, 5th Ed. (McGraw-Hill, 1982). See also U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,051,464, 5,319,044, 5,204,404, 5,051,464, 4,692,481, 5,356,973, 5,314,945, 5,266,406, and 5,266,361.

The carbon black products of the invention, either as a predispersion or as a solid, can be incorporated into an aqueous coating composition using standard techniques. Use of a water dispersible carbon black product provides a significant advantage and cost savings by reducing or eliminating the milling steps generally used with other conventional carbon blacks. Examples 102 and 103 below show the use of carbon black products according to the invention in aqueous automotive topcoat formulations.

The carbon black products of the invention may also be used in paper compositions. Preferred carbon black products for this use are the water dispersible carbon black products discussed above. Accordingly, the invention relates to an improved paper product comprising paper pulp and a carbon black, the improvement comprising the use of a carbon black according to the invention.

The carbon black products of the invention, either as a solid or a predispersion, can be incorporated into paper pulp using standard papermaking techniques as with conventional carbon blacks. Use of a water dispersible carbon black product discussed above may provide a significant advantage and cost savings by reducing or eliminating the steps generally used to disperse other conventional carbon blacks. Example 100 shows a paper product using a carbon black product according to the invention.

The paper products of the invention may incorporate other known paper additives such as sizing agents, retention aids, fixatives, fillers, defoamers, deflocculating agents, and the like. Advantageously, the water dispersible carbon black products discussed above are retained more efficiently at low loading levels when compared to the untreated carbon black when retention aids and acidic or alkaline sizing agents are used.

The carbon black products of the invention may also be used, as with conventional carbon blacks, as pigments, fillers, and reinforcing agents in the compounding and preparation of rubber compositions. Accordingly, the invention relates to an improved rubber composition containing rubber and a carbon black, the improvement comprising the use of a carbon black product according to the invention. The properties of the carbon black are important factors in determining the performance of the rubber composition containing a carbon black.

Carbon blacks, for example, are useful in the preparation of rubber vulcanizates such as those in tires. It is generally desirable in the production of tires to utilize carbon blacks which produce tires with satisfactory abrasion resistance and hysteresis performance. The treadwear properties of a tire are related to abrasion resistance. The greater the abrasion resistance, the greater the number of miles the tire will last without wearing out. The hysteresis of a rubber compound means the difference between the energy applied to deform a rubber compound, and the energy released as the rubber compound recovers to its initial undeformed state. Tires with lower hysteresis values reduce rolling resistance and therefore are able to reduce the fuel consumption of the vehicle utilizing the tire. Thus, it is particularly desirable to have carbon black products capable of imparting greater abrasion resistance and lower hysteresis in tires.

The carbon black products of this invention are useful in both natural and synthetic rubber compositions or mixtures of natural and synthetic rubbers. Carbon black products containing aromatic sulfides as the organic group, which are discussed above, are preferred for this use. Particularly preferred for use in rubber compositions are carbon black products having an attached aromatic sulfide organic group of the formula —(C₆H₄)—S_(k)—(C₆H₄)—, where k is an integer from 1 to 8, and more preferably where k ranges from 2 to 4. The carbon black products of the invention can be used in rubber compositions which are sulfur-cured or peroxide-cured.

The carbon black products may be mixed with natural or synthetic rubbers by normal means, for example by milling. Generally, amounts of the carbon black product ranging from about 10 to about 250 parts by weight can be used for each 100 parts by weight of rubber in order to impart a significant degree of reinforcement. It is, however, preferred to use amounts varying from about 20 to about 100 parts by weight of carbon black per 100 parts by weight of rubber and especially preferred is the utilization of from about 40 to about 80 parts of carbon black per 100 parts of rubber.

Among the rubbers suitable for use with the present invention are natural rubber and its derivatives such as chlorinated rubber. The carbon black products of the invention may also be used with synthetic rubbers such as: copolymers of from about 10 to about 70 percent by weight of styrene and from about 90 to about 30 percent by weight of butadiene such as copolymer of 19 parts styrene and 81 parts butadiene, a copolymer of 30 parts styrene and 70 parts butadiene, a copolymer of 43 parts styrene and 57 parts butadiene and a copolymer of 50 parts styrene and 50 parts butadiene; polymers and copolymers of conjugated dienes such as polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, and the like, and copolymers of such conjugated dienes with an ethylenic group-containing monomer copolymerizable therewith such as styrene, methyl styrene, chlorostyrene, acrylonitrile, 2-vinylpyridine, 5-methyl 2-vinylpyridine, 5-ethyl-2-vinylpyridine, 2-methyl-5-vinylpyridine, alkyl-substituted acrylates, vinyl ketone, methyl isopropenyl ketone, methyl vinyl either, alphamethylene carboxylic acids and the esters and amides thereof such as acrylic acid and dialkylacrylic acid amide; also suitable for use herein are copolymers of ethylene and other high alpha olefins such as propylene, butene-1 and pentene-1.

The rubber compositions of the present invention can therefore contain an elastomer, curing agents, reinforcing filler, a coupling agent, and, optionally, various processing aids, oil extenders, and antidegradents. In addition to the examples mentioned above, the elastomer can be, but is not limited to, polymers (e.g., homopolymers, copolymers, and terpolymers) manufactured from 1,3 butadiene, styrene, isoprene, isobutylene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3 butadiene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, propylene, and the like. It is preferred that these elastomers have a glass transition point (Tg), as measured by DSC, between −120° C. and 0° C. Examples of such elastomers include poly(butadiene), poly(styrene-co-butadiene), and poly(isoprene).

Advantageously, the carbon black products of the present invention can impart improved abrasion resistance and/or reduced hysteresis to rubber compositions containing them. Examples 104-116 show the use of carbon black products of the invention in various rubber compositions and various properties of those compositions.

The carbon black products of this invention may also be used to color fibers or textiles. Preferred carbon black products for this use are the water dispersible carbon black products discussed above. Accordingly, the invention relates to improved fiber and textile compositions comprising a fiber or textile and a carbon black, the improvement comprising the use of a carbon black according to the invention. Fibers suitable for use comprise natural and synthetic fibers such as cotton, wool, silk, linen, polyester and nylon. Textiles suitable for use comprise natural and synthetic fibers such as cotton, wool, silk, linen, polyester and nylon. Preferably natural fibers and textiles comprising cotton, wool, silk and linen are used.

The carbon black products of the present invention may be colored by means known in the art to color fibers and textiles with, for example, direct and acid dyes. For a general discussion of coloring with dyes, see Kirk-Othmer Encyclopedia of Chemical Technology, Vol 8 pp 280-350 “Dyes, Application and Evaluation” (John Wiley and Sons, 1979). Use of a water dispersible carbon black product discussed above provides a method for coloring these materials with a lightfast colorant.

The following examples are intended to illustrate, not limit, the claimed invention.

EXAMPLES

Analytical Methods

Unless otherwise specified, BET nitrogen surface areas obtained according to ASTM D-4820 are used for surface area measurements. CTAB areas and iodine numbers are used occasionaly and were obtained according to ASTM D-3765 and D-1510, respectively. DBPA data were obtained according to ASTM D-2414.

Volatile content was determined as follows. A carbon black sample was dried to constant weight at 125° C. A 45 mL sample of the dry carbon black was placed in a covered 50 mL crucible that had been dried at 950° C. and heated in a muffle furnace for 7 minutes at 950° C. The volatile content is expressed as the percentage of weight lost by the carbon sample.

The following procedure was used in various Examples below to determine the aqueous residue of carbon black products according to this invention and untreated carbon blacks. The carbon black product (5 g) was shaken with 45 g of water for 5 minutes. The resulting dispersion was poured through a screen and rinsed with water until the washings were colorless. A 325 mesh screen was used unless indicated otherwise. After drying the screen, the weight of residue on the screen was determined and expressed as a percentage of the carbon black product used in the test.

For the Examples relating to rubber compositions, modulus, tensile strength, and elongation were determined according to ASTM D-412. Shore A hardness was determined according to ASTM D-2240-86.

The abrasion data on the rubber compositions were determined using an abrader which is based on a Lambourn type machine. Abrasion rates (cubic centimeter/centimeter travel) were measured at 14% and 21% slip. The slip is based on the relative velocity between the sample wheel and grindstone. In the following examples, the abrasion index is the ratio of the abrasion rate of a control compositon divided by the abrasion rate of a rubber compostion prepared with a carbon black product of the invention.

Tan δ was measured with a Rheometrics Dynamic Spectrometer Model RDS-2 at a constant frequency of 10 Hz, a constant temperature, and in the shear mode of strain. Strain sweeps were run from 0.2% to 120% DSA. Measurements were taken at five points per decade and the maximum Tan δ was reported.

Bound rubber was determined as follows: A 0.5 g sample of an uncured rubber composition containing a rubber and a known amount of a carbon black was placed in a wire cage and submerged in toluene at room temperature. After standing for one day, the sample was placed in fresh toluene, and allowed to stand for three additional days at room temperature. The sample was then removed, dried in an oven, and weighed. The weight of the carbon black was subtracted from weight of the sample before and after toluene treatment to give a value for the amount of rubber in each sample. The weight of the sample after toluene treatment, adjusted for the weight of the carbon black and other insoluble ingredients in the composition, represents the amount of insoluble rubber remaining. Bound rubber was expressed as the percentage of the weight of insoluble rubber in the sample after standing in toluene versus the amount of rubber in the original sample.

Example 1 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product with Preformed Diazonium Salt

This example illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A pelleted carbon black with a surface area of 230 m²/g and a DBPA of 64 ml/100 g was used. An aqueous solution of 4-bromobenzenediazonium chloride was prepared from 0.688 g of 4-bromoaniline, 0.300 g of sodium nitrite, 1.38 g of concentrated HCl and 2.90 g of water at <5° C. This solution was added to a suspension of 10 g of the pelleted carbon black in 60 g of water at room temperature. Bubbles were released. After stirring for 60 minutes, the resulting carbon black product was removed by filtration, washed with water and subjected to Soxhlet extraction with tetrahydrofuran (THF) overnight. Analysis of the carbon black product after extraction showed that it contained 2.49% bromine, compared to <0.01% for the untreated pelleted carbon black prior to use in this example. This corresponds to 78% of the bromophenyl groups being attached to the carbon black product. Therefore, the carbon black product has 0.31 mmol/g of attached bromophenyl groups.

Examples 2-4 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product with Preformed Diazonium Salt

These examples illustrate additional methods for the preparation of carbon black products of the present invention. The pelleted carbon black used in Example 1 was used in Examples 2-4. An aqueous solution of 4-bromobenzenediazonium chloride was prepared from 0.688 g of 4-bromoaniline, 0.300 g of sodium nitrite, 1.38 g of concentrated HCl and 2.90 g of water at <5° C. This solution was added to a suspension of 10 g of the pelleted carbon black in 60.5 g of a 0.826% NaOH solution at the temperature indicated. Bubbles were released. After stirring for the time indicated in the following table, the resulting carbon black product was removed by filtration, washed with water and subjected to Soxhlet extraction with THF overnight. Bromine analysis of the product after extraction showed that a substantial fraction of the bromophenyl groups had been attached to the carbon black product. This shows that the preparation of carbon black products according to the invention can be carried our at different times, temperatures and pHs. Portion of Bromophenyl Temperature, Time, Bromine, bromophenyl groups, Example C. min. % retained, % mmol/g 2 <5 5 1.88 59 0.24 3 <5 60 2.15 67 0.27 4 Ambient 60 2.45 77 0.31

Example 5 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product with a Diazonium Salt Generated In Situ

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A fluffy carbon black with a surface area of 560 m2/g, a DBPA of 90 ml/100 g and a volatile content of 9.5% was used. Fifty grams of the fluffy carbon black were added to a solution of 8.83 g of sulfanilic acid dissolved in 420 g of water. The resulting suspension was cooled to room temperature. Nitrogen dioxide (5.16 g) was dissolved in 30 g of ice cold water, and then added to the fluffy carbon black suspension over a period of several minutes and stirred rapidly, to produce 4-sulfobenzenediazonium inner salt in situ, which reacts with the fluffy carbon black. The resulting dispersion was dried in an oven at 125° C., leaving only the carbon black product. The carbon black product contained 1.94% sulfur after Soxhlet extraction with ethanol overnight, compared to 0.24% sulfur for the untreated carbon black. This corresponds to attaching 52% of the p-C₆H₄SO3— groups to the carbon black product. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.53 mmol/g of attached p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups.

Example 6 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

This example illustrates another method for the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. Sulfanilic acid (2.13 g) was dissolved in 90 g of water with stirring and heating. Ten grams of a carbon black with a CTAB surface area of 350 m2/g and a DBPA of 120 ml/100 g were added. The mixture was cooled to room temperature and isobutyl nitrite (1.27 g) was added. Bubbles were released. 4-Sulfobenzene diazonium hydroxide inner salt was generated in situ and it reacted with the carbon black. The mixture was stirred for 30 minutes, and dried in an oven at 125° C. A sample of the resulting carbon black product that had been subjected to Soxhlet extraction with ethanol overnight contained 2.02% sulfur, compared to 0.5% for the untreated carbon black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.48 mmol/g of attached p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups.

Example 7 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product in an Aprotic Solvent

This example illustrates the preparation of a treated carbon black product of the present invention in an aprotic solvent. A 0.1 M solution of tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate in anhydrous acetonitrile was prepared and allowed to stand overnight over 3A molecular sieves. A 5.4% solution of chlorobenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate in anhydrous acetonitrile was prepared and allowed to stand overnight over 3A molecular sieves. A carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g was dried at 150° C. under nitrogen for 4 hours. The carbon black (10 g) was stirred into 80 mL of the tetrabutylammonium hexafluorophosphate solution. The diazonium solution (21 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred for four hours. The carbon black product was recovered by filtration and was washed with anhydrous acetonitrile. All operations up to this point were carried out in a dry box under an argon atmosphere. A sample of the carbon black product that was subjected to Soxhlet extraction overnight with THF and dried had a chlorine content of 0.76%, compared to 0.02% for the untreated carbon black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.21 mmol/g of attached chlorophenyl groups.

Example 8 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product in an Aprotic Solvent

This example illustrates the preparation of a treated carbon black product of the present invention in an aprotic solvent. A carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g was heated at 950° C. under nitrogen for one hour. A 0.1 M solution of tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate in anhydrous benzonitrile was prepared and allowed to stand overnight over 3A molecular sieves. Using glassware dried at 160° C. under argon, the carbon black (6 g) was stirred into 50 mL of the tetrabutylammonium tetrafluoroborate solution. 4-Bromobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate was added, and the mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. The carbon black product was recovered by filtration and was washed twice with anhydrous benzonitrile and twice with hexanes. Except for the initial drying of the carbon black, all operations up to this point were carried out under an argon atmosphere in a dry box. A sample of the carbon black product that was subjected to Soxhlet extraction overnight with THF and dried had a bromine content of 0.85%, compared to <0.01% for the untreated carbon black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.11 mmol/g of attached bromophenyl groups.

Example 9 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product with a Diazonium Salt Generated In Situ

This example illustrates another method for the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A fluffy carbon black with a surface area of 560 m2/g, a DBPA of 90 ml/100 g and a volatile content of 9.5% was used. Fifty grams of the fluffy carbon black were added to a solution of 8.83 g of sulfanilic acid dissolved in 420 g of water. The resulting suspension was cooled to 30° C. and 4.6 g of concentrated nitric acid was added. An aqueous solution containing 3.51 g of sodium nitrite was then added gradually with stirring, forming 4-sulfobenzenediazonium hydroxide inner salt in situ, which reacts with the fluffy carbon black. The resulting product was dried in an oven at 125° C., leaving the carbon black product. The carbon black product contained 1.97% sulfur after Soxhlet extraction with ethanol overnight, compared to 0.24% sulfur for the untreated fluffy carbon black. This corresponds to attaching 53% of the p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups to the carbon black product. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.54 mmol/g of attached p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups.

Example 10 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product with an Aliphatic Diazonium Salt

This example shows another method for the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A fluffy carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g was used. Twenty grams of this black were added to a solution of 4.9 g of 2-aminoethanesulfonic acid in 180 g of water. Concentrated nitric acid (4.32 g) was added. A solution of 3.33 g of sodium nitrite in 15 g of water was added slowly with stirring, forming 2-sulfoethanediazonium nitrate in situ, which reacted with the fluffy carbon black. A large quantity of bubbles evolved. The product was dried in an oven at 135° C., leaving a carbon black product. The resulting carbon black product contained 1.68% sulfur after Soxhlet extraction with ethanol overnight, compared to 0.4% for the untreated fluffy carbon black. This corresponds to attaching 20% of the C₂H₄SO₃— groups to the carbon black product. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.40 mmol/g of attached C₂H₄SO₃— groups.

Example 11 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product with a Benzyldiazonium Salt

This example shows another method for the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A suspension of 0.676 g of 4-bromobenzyl amine, 0.60 g of concentrated HCl, 30 g of water and 10.22 g of the untreated carbon black used in Example 7 was prepared in an ice bath. An aqueous solution containing 0.269 g of sodium nitrite was added and the resulting suspension was stirred for 15 minutes, forming 4-bromophenylmethanediazonium chloride in situ, which reacted with the untreated carbon black. The product was filtered off, and was subjected to Soxhlet extraction with THF overnight. The resulting carbon black product contained 0.26% bromine, compared to <0.01% for the untreated carbon black product. This shows that 9% of the bromobenzyl groups used in the example became attached to the carbon black product. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.031 mmol/g of attached bromobenzyl groups.

Example 12 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

This example illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. Ten grams of a carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g was added to a stirring solution of 0.8 g 4-bromobenzamide and 90 ml of acetone in 90 g of water. Concentrated HCl (0.87 g) was added followed by 0.33 g of NaNO₂. BrC₆H₄CON₂ ⁺ was formed in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. After stirring for 30 minutes, the mixture was allowed to stand overnight and was then dried in an oven at 125° C. A sample of the product that had been subjected to Soxhlet extraction with THF overnight and dried contained 0.22% bromine, compared to <0.01% bromine for the unreacted carbon black.

Example 13 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product with a Preformed Diazonium Salt in a Pin Pelletizer

This example shows another method for the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A pin pelletizer was charged with 400 g of a fluffy carbon black with a surface area of 80 m2/g and a DBPA of 85 ml/100 g. A cold suspension of 4-sulfobenzenediazonium hydroxide inner salt prepared from 27.1 g of the sodium salt of sulfanilic acid, 10.32 g of sodium nitrite, 29.0 g of concentrated HCl and 293.5 g of water and was added to the pelletizer. After pelletizing for 2 minutes, the sample was removed and dried at 115° C. to constant weight. Soxhlet extraction with ethanol overnight gave a carbon black product containing 1.1% sulfur, compared against 0.8% for the untreated carbon black. This shows that 27% of the p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups were attached to the carbon black product. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.09 mmol/g of attached p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups.

Example 14 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product in a Pin Pelletizer with a Diazonium Salt Generated In Situ

This example illustrates another method for preparing a carbon black product of the present invention. A pin pelletizer was charged with 200 g of a carbon black with a CTAB surface area of 350 m2/g and a DBPA of 120. A solution of 44.2 g of sodium sulfanilate in 95 μg of water at 70° C. was added and the pelletizer was run for one minute. Twenty grams of water was added followed by 39.6 g of concentrated nitric acid. The pelletizer was run for an additional minute. Twenty grams of water was added followed by a solution of 16.76 g of sodium nitrite in 35 g of water, forming 4-sulfobenzenediazonium hydroxide inner salt in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. After running the pelletizer for five minutes, a solution of 11.22 g of sodium hydroxide in 35 g of water was added. The pelletizer was run for an additional two minutes and the resulting a carbon black product was subsequently dried. Soxhlet extraction with ethanol overnight gave a carbon black product with 3.3% sulfur, compared against 0.5% for the untreated carbon black. This shows that 77% of the p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups were attached to the carbon black product. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.88 mmol/g of attached p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups.

Example 15 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product in a Pin Pelletizer with a Diazonium Salt Generated In Situ

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A pin pelletizer was charged with 200 g of a carbon black product with a surface area of 560 m2/g, a DBPA of 90 ml/100 g and a volatile content of 9.5%. Water (60 g), concentrated nitric acid (25.2 g), sulfanilic acid (40.4 g) and a solution of 19.7 g of sodium nitrite in 35 g of water were added successively; the pelletizer was run for one minute after each addition. 4-Sulfobenzenediazonium hydroxide inner salt was generated in situ, and it reacted with the carbon black. After standing for five minutes, the resulting carbon black product was dried at 125° C. A sample of the carbon black product was subjected to Soxhlet extraction with ethanol overnight. It contained 2.15% sulfur compared to 0.24% for the untreated carbon black. This shows that 51% of the p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups were attached to the carbon black product. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.60 mmol/g of attached p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups.

Example 16 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product in a Pelletizer with a Diazonium Salt Generated In Situ

This example illustrates another method for the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black (200 g) with a CTAB surface area of 350 m2/g and a DBPA of 120 ml/100 g and 42.4 g sulfanilic acid were placed in a pin pelletizer. After mixing for 40 seconds, a solution of 20.7 NaNO₂ in 150 g of water was then added. 4-sulfobenzene diazonium hydroxide inner salt was formed in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. After mixing for 45 seconds, the resulting carbon black product was dried in an oven at 120° C. A sample of the product that had been subjected to Soxhlet extraction overnight with ethanol contained 3.47% sulfur, compared to 0.5% sulfur for the untreated carbon black product. Therefore, the carbon black product has 0.93 mmol/g of attached p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups.

Example 17 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product in a Continuous Pin Pelletizer with a Diazonium Salt Generated In Situ

This example illustrates another method for preparing a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with a CTAB surface area of 133 m2/g and a fluffy DBPA of 190 ml/100 g is introduced into a continuously operating pin pelletizer at a rate of 100 parts by weight per hour. Simultaneously, a 30% solution of sodium nitrite in water and a suspension containing 5.43% concentrated nitric acid, 8.72% sulfanilic acid and 85.9% water are introduced into the pelletizer. The sodium nitrite solution is introduced at 16 parts by weight per hour and the suspension is added at 112 parts by weight per hour. 4-Sulfobenzenediazonium hydroxide inner salt was generated in situ and it reacted with the carbon black in the pelletizer. The material leaving the pelletizer was the carbon black product. The carbon black product was dried at 125° C. A sample of the carbon black product that had been subjected to Soxhlet extraction with ethanol overnight contained 1.70% sulfur, compared to 0.42% for the untreated carbon black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.40 mmol/g of attached p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups.

Example 18 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product with a Diazonium Salt Generated In Situ

This example shows another method for preparing a carbon black product of the present invention. In this example, the acid for the diazotization reaction comes from the amine forming the diazonium salt, sulfanilic acid. As a result, no additional acid was required. Sulfanilic acid (2.12 g) was dissolved in 90 g water at 70° C. The solution was added to 10 g of a carbon black with a CTAB surface area of 350 m2/g and a DBPA of 120 ml/100 g, and cooled to room temperature. A solution of 1.04 g NaNO₂ in 10 g water was added with stirring. 4-Sulfobenzenediazonium hydroxide inner salt was generated in situ and it reacted with the carbon black to form the carbon black product. After stirring for 30 minutes, the resulting dispersion was dried in an oven at 120° C. A sample of the carbon black product that had been subjected to Soxhlet extraction with ethanol overnight contained 3.19% sulfur, compared to 0.5% for the untreated carbon black product. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.84 mmol/g of attached p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups.

Example 19 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product with a Diazonium Salt Generated In Situ

This example illustrates another method for the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. In this example, the acid for the diazotization reaction comes from the amine forming the diazonium salt, sulfanilic acid. As a result, no additional acid was required. A carbon black (10 g) with a CTAB surface area of 350 m2/g and a DBPA of 120 ml/100 g was added to a boiling solution of 2.12 g sulfanilic acid in 90 g of water. A solution of 1.04 g of NaNO₂ in 10 g water was added cautiosly. 4-Sulfobenzene diazonium hydroxide inner salt was formed in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. After stirring for about 20 min, the resulting dispersion was dried in an oven at 120° C. A sample of the product that had been subjected to Soxhlet extraction overnight with ethanol contained 3.16% sulfur, compared to 0.5% sulfur for the untreated carbon black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.83 mmol/g of attached p-C₆H₄SO₃— groups.

Examples 20-30 Aqueous Dispersibility of Carbon Black Products

These examples show that carbon black products of the present invention described in some earlier examples are more readily dispersed in water than the corresponding untreated carbon black. Residue of Residue of Carbon Black Carbon Black untreated control, Example Product Product, % % 20 Example 5 3.0 6 21 Example 6 0.2 97 22 Example 9 0.12 6 23 Example 10 2.1 94 24 Example 13 0.07 81 25 Example 14 0.3 97 26 Example 15 0.26 6 27 Example 16 0.6 97 28 Example 17 0.02 36 29 Example 18 0.04 97 30 Example 19 0.01 97

Examples 31-34 Preparation and Aqueous Dispersibility of Carbon Black Products

These examples show that carbon black products prepared using several different diazonium salts are more readily dispersed in water than are the corresponding untreated carbon blacks. In all cases, the untreated carbon black used for treatment has a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g. To prepare the carbon black product, an aniline derivative was dissolved in warm water, the untreated carbon black (CB) was added and the mixture was cooled to room temperature. Concentrated HCl was added and then a solution of sodium nitrite in water was added, forming a diazonium salt in situ, which reacts with the untreated carbon black. After stirring for 15 minutes, the resulting dispersions were dried in an oven at 125° C. Residues were determined using the method described above. The amounts of each component and results are shown in the following table. The untreated carbon black had a residue of 94%. Aniline Aniline Residue Example derivative derivative g HCl g NaNO2 g CB g H20 g % 31 5-Amino 2 1.89 1.18 0.85 10.0 100 0.06 Hydroxy benzene sulfonic acid 32 2-Amino benzene 1.73 1.18 0.82 10.0 67 0.14 sulfonic acid 33 3-Aminobenzene 1.72 1.18 0.84 10.4 77 0.16 sulfonic acid 34 4-Aminoazo- 2.94 2.60 0.83 10.0 71 2.0 benzene-4′ sulfonic acid, Na salt Comparative Untreated — — — — — 94

Examples 35-38 Preparation and Dispersibility of Carbon Black Products

These examples show additional carbon black products that are prepared using different diazonium salts and that are more readily dispersible in water than the corresponding untreated carbon black. All of these examples use naphthyl diazonium salts. In all cases, a carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g was used. A solution of 7 mmol of the naphthylamine and 0.42 g NaNO₂ in 10.83 g water was cooled to <5° C. The diazonium salt was formed by the addition of a cold (5° C.) solution of 1.63 g concentrated HCl in 1.63 g water, maintaining the temperature at <5° C. The reaction product was added to a stirring slurry of 10 g of the untreated carbon black in 90 g of water. After stirring for an additional 10 minutes, the dispersion was dried, leaving the carbon black product. Samples of the carbon black products that had been subjected to Soxhlet extraction overnight with ethanol were analyzed for sulfur to determine the number of attached naphthyl groups. Substituted Sulfur naphthyl groups, Residue Example Naphthylamine derivative % mmol/g % 35 Sodium 5-amino-2- 2.15 0.51 <0.01 naphthalene sulfonate 36 4-Amino-5-hydroxy-2,7- 2.77 0.35 0.02 naphthalene disulfonic acid, mono potassiumsalt 37 7-Amino-1,3- 3.09 0.40 0.01 naphthalene disulfonic acid, mono potassiumsalt 38 Sodium 4-amino-1- 1.79 0.40 0.33 naphthalene sulfonate Comparative Untreated 0.5 — 94

Example 39 Preparation and Aqueous Dispersibility of a Carbon Black Product

This example illustrates another method for the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention and illustrates that this carbon black product was more readily dispersible in water than is the corresponding untreated carbon black. 7-Amino-1,3-naphthalenedisulfonic acid (1.5 g) was dissolved in 90 g warm water. Ten grams of a carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g was added, and the mixture was cooled to room temperature. A solution of 0.42 g NaNO₂ in 5 g water was added with stirring. The diazonium salt was formed in situ and reacted with the carbon black. Bubbles were released. The resulting dispersion was dried in an oven at 125° C., giving the carbon black product. The carbon black product had a residue of 0.85%, compared to 94% for the untreated carbon black.

Example 40 Preparation and Aqueous Dispersibility of a Carbon Black Product

This example shows that a carbon black product prepared using another diazonium salt was more readily dispersible in water than the corresponding untreated carbon black. The carbon black used for treatment had a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g. 5-Amino-2-hydroxy-3-sulfobenzoic acid (2.33 g), 10 g of carbon black and 100 g of water were mixed in an ice bath. Cold concentrated HCl (1.18 g) was added, followed gradually by 0.85 g NaNO₂. The diazonium salt was formed in situ, and reacted with the carbon black. After stirring for 15 minutes, the resulting dispersion was dried in an oven at 125° C. to provide the carbon black product. The 325 mesh residue of the resulting carbon black product was 0.1%, compared to 94% for the untreated carbon black.

Example 41 Preparation and Aqueous Dispersibility of a Carbon Black Product

This example shows that a carbon black product prepared with another diazonium salt was more readily dispersible in water than the corresponding untreated carbon black. The procedure of Example 40 was followed in all respects, except that 4-amino-2′-nitro-4′-sulfodiphenyl amine (3.01 g) was used as the diazonium precursor. The resulting carbon black product had a 325 mesh residue of 0.18%, compared to 94% for the untreated carbon black.

Example 42 Preparation and Aqueous Dispersibility of a Carbon Black Product

This example shows another preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention, and that this carbon black product was more readily dispersible in water than is the correspondingly untreated carbon black. 4-Aminophenyl-phosphonic acid (0.90 g) was added to 10 g of ice cold water. NaOH (0.26 g) was added to dissolve the solid. A cold solution of 0.42 g NaNO₂ in 5 g of cold water was added. Concentrated HCl was added (3.83 g) and the solution was stirred at <10° C. for 15 minutes, forming the corresponding diazonium salt. A cold suspension of 5.02 g of a carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g in 36.2 g of water was added and stirred for 15 minutes. The resulting dispersion was concentrated to dryness under vacuum at room temperature giving a carbon black product. This carbon black product disperses readily in water, and had a 325 mesh residue of 2.7%, compared to 94% for the untreated carbon black. A sample of the carbon black product that was dried in an oven at 125° C. did not disperse in water. A sample of the carbon black product that had been subjected to Soxhlet extraction overnight with THF contained 1.57% phosphorous. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.51 mmol/g of attached p-C₆H₄PO₃=groups.

Example 43 Preparation and Aqueous Dispersibility of a Carbon Black Product

This example illustrates the use of a diazonium salt containing a quaternary ammonium salt in the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention and the dispersibility in water of this carbon black product. A cold solution of 3-amino-N-methylpyridinium nitrate (11 mmol) in 30 g of water was added to a suspension of 11.0 g of a carbon black (surface area 230, DBPA 70) in 70 g of water at <10° C. Concentrated HCl (2.38 g) was added. A cold solution of 0.92 g NaNO₂ in 10 g water was added carefully, and the reaction mixture was stirred for 20 minutes. The diazonium salt was formed in situ, and the salt reacted with the carbon black. A solution of 0.50 g of NaOH in 10 g of water was subsequently added. The sample was dried at 130° C., giving a carbon black product. The carbon black product had a 325 mesh residue of 0.40%, compared to 94% for the untreated carbon black product.

Example 44 Preparation and Aqueous Dispersibility of a Carbon Black Product

This example further illustrates the use of a diazonium salt containing a quaternary ammonium salt in the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention and the dispersibility in water of this carbon black product. Using a procedure analogous to that of Example 43 with 9.8 mmol 4-(aminophenyl)-trimethylammonium nitrate, 10.0 g carbon black, 2.25 g concentrated HCl, 0.83 g NaNO₂, a carbon black product with a 325 mesh residue of 0.6% was obtained. The residue of the untreated carbon black was 94%.

Example 45 Preparation and Aqueous Dispersibility of a Carbon Black Product

This example shows that a carbon black product produced with another diazonium salt was more readily dispersible in water than the corresponding untreated carbon black. The carbon black used for treatment had a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g. A cold (5° C.) solution of 4-carboxymethyl-benzenediazonium chloride was prepared from 0.77 g 4-aminophenylacetic acid, 9.2 g cold water, 1.35 g cold concentrated HCl and 0.44 g NaNO₂. The diazonium solution was added to an ice cold stirring suspension of 5.04 g of the carbon black in 35.2 g of water. Bubbles were released. After stirring for 20 minutes, the dispersion was placed in a water bath at 27° C. and stirred for an additional 20 minutes. The dispersion was dried in an oven at 120° C., leaving the carbon black product which had a 325 mesh residue of 2.5%, compared to 94% for the untreated carbon black.

Example 46 Preparation and Aqueous Dispersibility of a Carbon Black Product

This example shows that a carbon black product with another diazonium salt was more readily dispersible in water than the corresponding untreated carbon black. The carbon black used for treatment has a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g. A pin pelletizer was charged with 200 g of the carbon black. A suspension of 80 mmol (12.7 g) sodium 4-aminobenzoate in 45 g of water, 25.7 g concentrated HCl, and a solution of 7.04 g NaNO₂ in 30 g of water were added to the pelletizer in succession, with one minute of mixing after the first two additions and five minutes after the last. Carboxybenzenediazonium chloride was formed in situ and it reacted with the carbon black. A solution of 7.83 g NaOH in 30 g water was added and mixing was continued for two minutes. The resulting carbon black product was dried at 120° C. and had a 325 mesh residue of 6.4%, compared to 94% for the untreated carbon black.

Examples 47-59 Preparation of Carbon Black Products and their Use as Colorants in ABS

These examples illustrate the preparation of carbon black products of the present invention using different amines and the use of these carbon black products as colorants in ABS. A fluffy carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g was used in each example. A diazonium salt was prepared in an ice bath from the compound indicated, 2.2 equivalents of concentrated HCl, and 1.0 equivalents of NaNO₂ as a 9.65M solution. The resulting solutions were added to a suspension of 200 g of the fluffy carbon black in 3 L of water and stirred for 10 to 20 minutes. The resulting carbon black product was filtered off, washed with water twice, and dried at about 100° C. In some instances, the preparation was carried out by combining multiple batches that had been made at one half or one quarter scale.

Masterbatches were prepared by fluxing 183 g ethylene-vinyl acetate polymer (EVA) for one minute in a Brabender mixer at 1100 C, adding 45.8 g of the carbon black product, and mixing for four additional minutes. Injection molded samples for evaluation were prepared by injection molding a mixture of 80 g of masterbatch and 1520 g of ABS, (acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene copolymer resin). The final concentration of the carbon black product in the molded samples is 1%.

The impact strength of the let down material was measured with an Izod impact tester; the optical properties were measured with a Hunter calorimeter. The impact strengths obtained are expressed as a percentage of the impact strength of the unfilled ABS used. Desirable properties are high impact strength, low Hunter L values (jetter), Hunter a values near 0, and more negative Hunter b values (bluer). Generally when carbon black is added to ABS to impart color, the impact suffers as the jetness improves. The results show that the carbon black products of the invention are useful as a colorant in ABS. Impact Amount of strength, Diazonium % of Exam- Diazonium Precursor, unfilled Hun- Hun- Hun- ple Precursor mmol ABS ter L ter a ter b 47 Aniline 60 84 6.4 −0.2 −1.3 48 4-Chloro- 60 87 6.6 −0.3 −1.5 aniline 49 4-Amino- 60 46 6.1 −0.3 −2.0 benzoic acid 50 Ethyl 4-amino 60 71 5.3 −0.3 −1.6 benzoate 51 4-Nitro- 60 58 5.0 −0.3 −1.5 aniline 52 4-Hexyl- 60 73 5.1 −0.3 −1.6 aniline 53 4-Tetradecyl- 60 66 5.7 −0.3 −1.7 aniline 54 4-(N,N 60 48 5.7 −0.3 −1.7 Dimethyl amino)aniline 55 4-Amino 60 54 5.1 −0.3 −1.6 acetophenone 56 4-Amino 80 50 4.5 −0.2 −1.1 phenol 57 p-Phenylene 60 45 5.2 −0.3 −1.6 diamine 58 p-Phenetidine 60 63 5.1 −0.3 −1.6 59 Reference 53 5.0 −0.2 −1.6

Examples 60-62 Preparation of Carbon Black Products and their Use as Colorants in ABS

These examples illustrate the preparation of carbon black products of the present invention using different treating agents and the use of those carbon black products as a colorant in ABS. A fluffy carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g was used in each case. The procedure for Examples 47-59 was used for the preparation of the carbon black products using 60 mmol of diazonium precursor.

Masterbatches were prepared by fluxing 203.6 g ABS for two minutes in a Brabender mixer with an initial temperature of 210° C., adding 50.9 g of the carbon black product at 175° C., and mixing for three additional minutes. Injection molded samples for evaluation were prepared by injection molding a mixture of 75 g of masterbatch and 1425 g of ABS. The final concentration of the carbon black product in the molded samples was 1%.

The impact strength of the let down material was measured with an Izod impact tester; the optical properties were measured with a Hunter colorimeter. The impact strengths obtained are expressed as a percentage of the impact strength of the unfilled ABS used. Desirable properties are high impact strength, low Hunter L values (jetter), Hunter a values near 0, and more negative Hunter b values (bluer). Generally when carbon black is added to ABS to impart color, the impact suffers as the jetness improves. The results show that carbon black products of the invention are useful as a colorant in ABS. Impact Diazonium strength, % of Hunter Hunter Hunter Example Precursor unfilled ABS L a b 60 4-Aminophenol 32 4.5 −0.2 −1.1 61 p-Benzonitrile 37 4.4 −0.1 −1.1 62 Reference 38 4.6 −0.2 −2.0

Examples 63-65 Preparation of Carbon Black Products and their Use in Coloring Polyethylene

These examples illustrate the preparation of carbon black products of the present invention. A carbon black with a surface area of 140 m2/g and a DBPA of 114 ml/100 g was used. Cold solutions of tetradecylbenzenediazonium chloride were prepared from tetradecylaniline, concentrated HCl, NaNO₂, isopropanol and water. The diazonium solution was added to 200 g carbon black in a pin pelletizer and mixed for the indicated time. Additional water #1 was added and mixing was continued for three more minutes. After addition of more water #2 and isopropanol #2 and further mixing, the resulting carbon black product was dried in an oven. A control sample was prepared by mixing the untreated carbon black in the same pelletizer with water and isopropanol, and drying.

Masterbatches were prepared by mixing 169.34 g low density polyethylene with 72.6 g of a carbon black sample in a Brabender mixer at 85° C. for five minutes. Plaques for evaluation were prepared by injection molding a mixture of 10 g of masterbatch and 1490 g of high density polyethylene. The final concentration of carbon black product was 0.2%. The optical properties of the plaques were measured with a Hunter colorimeter. The results show that the carbon black products were somewhat jetter (lower Hunter L values) than the control and are useful as a colorant for polyethylene. Example 63 Example 64 Example 65 Precursor 4-Tetra- 4-Tetra- none decylaniline decylaniline Precursor amount, g 6.95 11.56 — HCl, g 4.67 7.79 — H2O, g 27 48 — Isopropanol, g 25 25 — NaNO2, g 2.07 3.45 — Initial mix time, min 3 1 — Added water #1, g 170 130 — Added water #2, g 5 5 263 Added isopropanol #2, g — 5 20 Final mix time, min 1 2 5 Hunter L 6.9 6.7 7.1 Hunter a −0.2 −0.3 −0.3 Hunter b 0.3 0.0 0.2

Example 66 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product in a Pelletizer

This example illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A pelletizer was charged with 300 g of a carbon black with a surface area of 254 m2/g and a DBPA of 188 m/100 g and 21.2 g of sulfanilic acid. After mixing for 45 seconds, 220 g of water was added. After mixing for 20 seconds, 13.2 g of concentrated nitric acid was added. After mixing for an additional 20 seconds, a solution of 10.3 g of NaNO₂ in 270 g of water was added. After mixing for 2 minutes, the resulting carbon black product was dried in an oven at 125° C.

Example 67 Use of a Carbon Black Product in Polypropylene

This example illustrates the use of a carbon black product of the present invention in polypropylene to impart conductivity to the polypropylene. A mixture of 263.1 g of the carbon black product of Example 66 and 881 g of polypropylene was added to a Banbury mixer at 66° C. and mixed for 5 minutes. A sample of the material was let down to a 20% carbon black product content on a two roll mill by mixing with additional polypropylene. The product had a resistivity of 68 ohm-cm, compared to 64 ohm-cm for a similar product made with the untreated carbon black used in Example 66.

Examples 68-76 Preparation of Carbon Black Products

These examples show other diazonium compounds that can be used to prepare carbon black products of the present invention. The diazonium compounds encompass a range of substitution patterns on the aromatic ring and with various electron-withdrawing or electron-donating substituents. In each case, a cold diazonium salt solution was prepared from the indicated aryl amine, NaNO₂ and either concentrated HCl or HNO₃. The diazonium solution was added to a suspension of carbon black in water and/or stirred for 15 to 20 minutes. The resulting carbon black product was isolated by filtration, washed with water, and subjected to Soxhlet extraction with THF overnight. The analyses shown below report increases from the reaction over the level contained in the appropriate untreated carbon black. The results show that a substantial fraction of the organic groups are attached to the carbon black product. Carbon black Carbon black product product Treatment Cl N Fraction of Substituted Surface Area DBPA Level, Analysis Analysis bonded groups phenyl groups Example Aryl amine m2/g ml/100 g μmol/g CB μmol/g μmol/g as % μmol/g 68 4-Chloro aniline 230 64 300 196 — 65 196 69 4-Chloro-3-methyl 230 64 300 215 — 72 215 aniline 70 4-Chloro-2-methyl 230 64 300 170 — 57 170 aniline 71 4-Chloro-3-nitro 230 64 300 209 — 70 209 aniline 72 4-Chloro-2-nitro 230 64 300 123 — 41 123 aniline 73 Sodium 3 Amino 230 64 300 64 — 21 64 6-chloro benzene sulfonate 74 3-Amino Pyridine 350 *  120 580 — 461 79 461 75 4-Amino benzoni 230 70 300 — 263 88 263 trile 76 4-Bromo-2-chloro 230 70 407 264 — 65 264 aniline * CTAB Surface area

Example 77 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product Containing Aryl and Alkoxy Groups

This example illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product containing aryl and alkoxy groups. A dry sample of a carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g was used. Bromoethanol (30 ml) was added to a mixture of 3 g of the carbon black and 0.34 g of dry chlorobenzenediazonium hexafluorophosphate. Bubbles were released rapidly. After stirring for 30 minutes, the resulting carbon black product was filtered, subjected to Soxhlet extraction overnight with THF and dried. The carbon black product contained 0.58% Cl and 0.84% Br compared to 0.02% Cl and <0.01% Br for the untreated carbon black product. The carbon black product therefore had 0.16 mmol/g of attached chlorophenyl groups and 0.11 mmol/g of attached bromoethoxy groups.

Example 78 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product Containing Aryl and Alkoxy Groups

This example illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product containing aryl and alkoxy groups. A dry sample of a carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g was used. Chloroethanol (30 ml) was added to a mixture of 3 g of the carbon black and 0.32 g of dry bromobenzenediazonium tetrafluoroborate. Bubbles were released rapidly. After stirring for 30 minutes, the resulting carbon black product was filtered, subjected to Soxhlet extraction overnight with THF and dried. The carbon black product contained 0.58% Cl and 0.84% Br compared to 0.02% Cl and 0.01% Br for the untreated carbon black. The carbon black product therefore had 0.16 mmol/g of attached bromophenyl groups and 0.11 mmol/g of attached chloroethoxy groups.

Example 79 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product Containing Aryl and Alkoxy Groups

This example illustrates another method for the preparation of a carbon black product containing aryl and alkoxy groups. A carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 ml/100 g was used. A solution of 4-bromobenzene diazonium nitrate was prepared in an ice bath from 0.69 g bromoaniline, 0.33 g NaNO₂, 0.86 g concentrated HNO₃ and ca. 3 ml of water. The diazonium solution was added to a suspension of 10 g carbon black product, 5 g chloroethanol and 85 g water that was stirring at room temperature. After stirring for 30 minutes, the carbon black product was removed by filtration, washed with THF, and dried in an oven at about 125° C. A sample that had been subjected to Soxhlet extraction overnight with THF contained 1.08% bromine and 0.16% chlorine. A control carbon black sample was prepared by stirring the same untreated carbon black in a 5.6% chloroethanol/water solution, washing with THF, drying and extracting with THF. The control contained 0.02% bromine and 0.082% chlorine. The carbon black product therefore had 0.13 mmol/g of attached bromophenyl groups and 0.022 mmol/g of attached chloroethoxy groups.

Example 80 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. Concentrated HCl (16.2 g) was diluted with 40 g water and added to 9.30 g 4-aminophenyldisulfide. The mixture was stirred in an ice bath. A cold solution of 6.21 g NaNO₂ in 30 g water was added with stirring, keeping the mixture below 100° C. 4-Diazophenyl disulfide dichloride is formed. The mixture was added to a suspension of 250 g of pelleted carbon black (iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 ml/100 g) in 1.3 L of water at 100° C. with stirring. Bubbles were released. After stirring for 2½ hours, the product is filtered, washed with ethanol, washed with additional water and then dried at 125° C. to a constant weight. A sample of the carbon black product that was extracted overnight with THF and dried contained 1.75% sulfur, compared to 1.08% for the untreated carbon black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.10 mmol/g of attached dithiodi-4,1-phenylene groups.

Example 81 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

This example illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. Concentrated HCl (5.4 g) was diluted with 40 g water and added to 3.1 g 4-aminophenyldisulfide. The mixture was stirred in an ice bath, and 50 g additional cold water was added. A cold solution of 2.07 g NaNO₂ in 30 g water was added with stirring, keeping the mixture below 10° C. 4-Diazophenyl disulfide dichloride was formed. The mixture was added to a suspension of 125 g of pelleted carbon black (iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 ml/100 g) in about 800 g of water at 10-15° C. with stirring. Bubbles were released. After stirring for 2 hours, the resulting carbon black product was filtered, washed with ethanol, washed with additional water and then dried at 125° C. to a constant weight. A sample of the carbon black product that was extracted overnight with THF and dried contained 1.56% sulfur, compared to 1.08% for the untreated carbon black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.075 mmol/g of attached dithiodi-4,1-phenylene groups.

Example 82 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A pelleted carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 ml/100 g was used. Butyl lithium (50 mL of a 1.0 M solution in hexane) was added to 200 mL of dry DMSO under nitrogen. A solution of 11.1 g of 4-aminophenyl disulfide in 100 mL dry DMSO was prepared and added under nitrogen with cooling from an ice bath. A dark violet colored developed. S₂Cl₂ (3.3 mL) was added over 10 minutes with stirring and continued cooling. A solution of 1.7 g NaOH in water was added. After addition of more water, the product was extracted with 450 mL of ether. The ether was removed under vacuum, and the residue was dissolved in CH₂Cl₂, washed with water, dried and concentrated under vacuum to give 4-aminophenyltetrasulfide as an oil.

4-Aminophenyl tetrasulfide (5.85 g) was stirred with 150 g of water in an ice bath. A cold solution of 8.1 g concentrated HCl in 50 g water was added, followed gradually by a solution of 3.2 g NaNO₂ in 40 g water, forming 4-diazophenyl tetrasulfide dichloride. After stirring, the resulting suspension was added to a stirring slurry of 125 g of the pelleted carbon black in about 800 g of water. Bubbles were released. After stirring for 2½ hours, the resulting carbon black product was filtered off, washed with ethanol, washed with water and dried at 140° C. A sample of the carbon black product that had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.97% sulfur, compared to 1.08% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.07 mmol/g of attached tetrathiodi-4,1-phenylene groups.

Example 83 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

This example illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 ml/100 g was used. A cold solution of 2.65 g concentrated HCl and 30 g water was added to a mixture of 2.85 g 4-aminophenyl phenyl disulfide in 50 g water that was stirring in an ice bath. A cold solution of 1.04 g NaNO₂ in 30 g of water was added over a period of 10 minutes. 4-Diazophenyl phenyl disulfide chloride was formed. The diazonium suspension was added to a suspension of 122 g carbon black in about 800 g water that was stirring at 15° C. Bubbles were released. After stirring for about two hours, the carbon black product was filtered off, washed with isopropanol, washed with water, and dried in an oven at about 125° C. A sample of the carbon black product that had been subjected to Soxhlet extraction overnight with THF and dried had a sulfur content of 1.32%, compared to 1.08% for the untreated carbon black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.038 mmol/g of attached phenyldithiophenylene groups.

Example 84 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. Nitrogen dioxide (4.1 g) was bubbled into 40 g water that was cooled in an ice bath. The resulting solution was added slowly to a cold (10° C.), stirring suspension of 4.65 g of 4-aminophenyl disulfide in 100 g water. The resulting solution of 4-diazophenyl disulfide dinitrate was added to a cold stirring suspension of 125 g of carbon black (iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 ml/100 g) in 800 g cold (12-14° C.) water. The reaction mixture was stirred for 3 days, and allowed to warm to room temperature in the process. The resulting carbon black product was recovered by filtration and was dried. A sample of the carbon black product extracted with THF overnight had 1.81% sulfur, compared to 1.07% sulfur in the untreated carbon black product. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.12 mmol/g of attached dithiodi-4,1-phenylene groups.

Example 85 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. The procedure of Example 80 was followed, except that a carbon black with an iodine number of 90 mg/g and a DBPA of 114 ml/100 g was used, and except that an additional 50 ml of water was used to form the aminophenyl disulfide dihydrochloride suspension. A sample of the resulting carbon black product that had been extracted overnight with THF and dried contained 2.12% sulfur, compared to 1.45% for the untreated carbon black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.10 mmol/g of attached dithiodi-4,1-phenylene groups.

Example 86 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

This example illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 ml/100 g was used. A cold solution of 4-diazo-2-chlorophenyl disulfide dichloride was prepared by adding a cold solution of 3.59 g of NaNO₂ in 40 g water to a suspension of 6.6 g 4-amino-2-chlorophenyl disulfide, 9.12 g concentrated HCl and about 150 g water that was stirring in an ice bath. After stirring for five minutes, the diazonium solution was then added to a stirred suspension of 140 g of carbon black in 1 liter of water at 10-14° C. After stirring for two hours, the resulting carbon black product was filtered off, washed with ethanol, washed with water, and then dried in an oven at 125° C. A sample of the carbon black product that was subjected to Soxhlet extraction overnight with THF and dried had a sulfur content of 1.60%, compared to 1.08% for the untreated carbon black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.081 mmol/g of attached dithiodi-4,1-(3-chlorophenylene) groups.

Example 87 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product with a Diazonium Salt Generated In Situ

This example illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention with a diazonium salt that is generated in situ. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 ml/100 g was used. 4-Aminophenyl disulfide (8.38 g) was dissolved in a solution of 14.65 g of concentrated HCl and about 150 g of water, and added to a stirred slurry of 225 g of carbon black in about 1.4 L of water. A solution of 5.28 g NaNO₂ in about 50 g water was added, forming 4-diazophenyl disulfide in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. After stirring for two hours, the resulting carbon black product was removed by filtration, washed with ethanol, washed with water, and dried at about 125° C. A sample of the carbon black product that had been subjected to Soxhlet extraction overnight with THF and dried contained 1.89% sulfur, compared against 1.08% for the untreated carbon black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.13 mmol/g of attached dithiodi-4,1-phenylene groups.

Example 88 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

A carbon black product having attached dithiodi-4,1-phenylene groups was prepared by following the method of Example 80 and using a suspension of 8.38 g 4-aminophenyl disulfide in about 100 g of water, a solution of 13.65 g concentrated HCl in 40 g of water, a solution of 5.04 g NaNO₂ in 30 g of water, and a slurry of 225 g of the same carbon black in 1.4 L of water. The carbon black slurry was stirred at 10-14° C. when the diazonium solution was added.

Examples 89 and 90 Comparative Carbon Black Products

In these comparative examples, the carbon blacks used in Examples 80 and 85 were washed with water, ethanol and water, and subsequently dried to give the comparative carbon black products of Examples 88 and 89, respectively.

Examples 91-99 Use of Different Carbon Blacks for the Preparation of Carbon Black Products that are Water Dispersible

This example shows the use of a variety of carbon blacks in the preparation of carbon black products of the present invention. This example also shows that the carbon black products were more readily dispersible in water than the corresponding unreacted carbon blacks. Sulfanilic acid was dissolved in 200 g of hot water. The carbon black product (30 g) was added and the mixture was allowed to cool to 25 to 30° C. Concentrated HCl was added (2.15 equivalents based on the sulfanilic acid used) and then a 9.65M solution of NaNO₂ in water was added (1.2 equivalents based on the sulfanilic acid used), forming 4-sulfobenzenediazonium hydroxide in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. After stirring for 30 minutes, the resulting dispersion was dried in an oven at 100° C., giving the resulting carbon black product. Original Original Residue of Carbon Black Carbon black Residue of a untreated Surface Area product DBPA Sulfanilic carbon black carbon black Example m2/g ml/100 g acid g product, % product, % 91 350 ** 120 6.98 1.0 97 92 140 114 3.03  0.6* 45 93 1500 330 32.55  0.6* 35 94 42 121 0.91 0.1 26 95 80 85 1.73 <0.1   81 96 24 132 0.44 4.6 31 97 24 132 1.50 0.2 31 98 254 178 5.43 <0.1   23 99 18 39 0.93 4.4 40 *Filtered through a 20 micron filter. ** CTAB surface area

Example 100 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product and its Use in the Preparation of Black Paper

This example shows the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention and the use of that product in the preparation of black paper. A carbon black (300 g) with a surface area of 80 m2/g and a DBPA of 85 ml/100 g was added to a pin pelletizer with 18.2 g of sulfanilic acid. After mixing briefly, 150 g of water, 11.2 g of concentrated nitric acid, 30 g of water and a solution of 8.78 g of NaNO₂ in 35 g of water were added in succession with 15 seconds of mixing after each addition. 4-Sulfobenzenediazonium hydroxide inner salt was formed in situ and it reacted with the carbon black. The resulting carbon black product was dried in an oven at 125° C. A dispersion of this carbon black product was prepared by dispersing it in water in a laboratory homogenizer for 30 seconds.

A comparative dispersion was made by grinding 200 g of the same unreacted carbon black in a solution of 7 g of a lignosulfonate dipsersant, 5 ml concentrated NH₄OH and 770 g water with grinding media in a ball mill for 4 hours, at which point a Hegman gauge reading of 7 was obtained.

Penobscott bleached hardwood kraft pulp (160 g) and St. Felician bleached softwood kraft pulp (240 g) were dispersed in water in a Cowles dissolver. The stock solution was transferred into a TAPPI standard laboratory beater and diluted to a volume of 23 liters. The stock solution was circulated in the beater for five minutes, and then placed under load and beaten for 50 minutes to a corrected Canadian Standard Freeness of 355 ml.

Sufficient pulp to make three 2.75 g hand sheets was diluted to 3 L, and the appropriate amount of carbon black dispersion was incorporated. A suspension was prepared for each carbon black loading level. Each suspension was divided into three portions. The first portion was used as is. Rosin and alum were added to the second portion at the rates of 80 pounds and 60 pounds per bone dry ton, respectively. HERCON 79 (AKD) size and BL 535 retention aid were added to the third portion at the rates of four pounds and three pounds per bone dry ton, respectively. One 8″×8″ Noble & Wood handsheet was made from each sample. The resulting handsheets were evaluated for TAPPI brightness using 450/00 geometry.

HERCON is a registered trademark for sizes produced and sold by Hercules Inc., Wilmington Del. BL 535 is available from Buckman Laboratories, Inc., Memphis Term.

The following table shows the brightness of handsheets made with the carbon black product dispersion and with the control dispersion. These data show that the carbon black product can be used to color paper. These data also show that when the paper was made with an acidic rosin size and an alum retention aid, the carbon black product was retained more efficiently and advantageously at low loading levels when compared against the unreacted carbon black. These data further show that when the paper was made with an alkaline AKD size and BL 535 retention aid, the carbon black product was retained more efficiently and advantageously at low loading levels when compared against the unreacted carbon black. Carbon black Brightness, Brightness, product, Treated Untreated pounds per carbon black carbon black bone dry ton None AKD Alum product product 10 X 67 69 46 50 15 X 67 67 43 50 25 X 59 61 34 41 50 X 44 47 18 24 100 X 33 36 9 13 200 X 20 23 0 5 10 X 16 18 21 23 15 X 12 13 19 21 25 X 11 13 14 16 50 X 7 8 10 11 100 X 7 7 7 8 200 X 4 5 5 5 10 X 16 20 22 24 15 X 13 16 19 21 25 X 11 12 13 14 50 X 8 10 9 11 100 X 7 9 6 7 200 X 6 8 4 5

Example 101 Use of a Carbon Black Product in the Preparation of an Aqueous Ink

This example illustrates the advantages of using a carbon black product of the present invention in an aqueous ink formulation. Ink composition A was prepared by adding 3.13 parts of the carbon black product of Example 13 to a vehicle made by mixing 2.92 parts JONCRYL 61LV resin, 0.21 parts isopropanol, 0.31 parts ARROWFLEX defoamer, 7.29 parts JONCRYL 89 resin and 6.98 parts water, and shaking the composition for 10 minutes on a paint shaker. The table below shows the 635 mesh residue level.

JONCRYL is a registered trademark for resins produced and sold by SC Johnson Polymer, Racine, Wis. ARROWFLEX is a registered trademark for defoamers produced and sold by Witco, New York, N.Y.

Ink composition B was prepared by grinding a mixture of 120 parts of the carbon black product used in Example 13, 112 parts of JONCRYL 61LV resin, 8 parts of isopropanol, 4 parts of ARROWFLEX defoamer, 156 parts of water and 400 g of grinding media. In order to check the grind level, samples were periodically let down to composition C that contained 15.0 parts carbon black product, 14.0 parts JONCRYL 61LV resin, 1.0 parts isopropanol, 1.7 parts ARROWFLEX DEFOAMER, 35.1 parts Joncryl 89 and 33.4 parts water.

Ink composition D was prepared by grinding a mixture of 120 parts of the untreated carbon black used in Example 13, 112 parts of JONCRYL 61LV, resin, 8 parts of isopropanol, 4 parts of ARROWFELX defoamer, 156 parts of water and 400 g of grinding media. In order to check the grind level, samples were periodically let down to composition E that contained 15.0 parts carbon black product, 14.0 parts JONCRYL 61LV resin, 1.0 parts isopropanol, 1.7 parts ARROWFLEX defoamer, 35.1 parts JONCRYL 89 resin and 33.4 parts water.

The residues from ink compositions A, C and E as a function of grinding time are provided in the following table, and clearly show that a carbon black product of the present invention disperses more readily than the corresponding unreacted carbon black in these aqueous inks. Ink A Ink C Ink E 635 Mesh 635 Mesh 635 Mesh Dispersion time Residue, % Residue, % Residue, % 10 Minutes shaking 2.6 — — 20 Minutes Ball Mill — 0.3 — 40 Minutes Ball Mill — 0.2 — 1 Hour Ball Mill — 0.02 about 100 2 Hours Ball Mill — — 10.8 3 Hours Ball Mill — — 5.8 4 Hours Ball Mill — — 0.9 10 Hours Ball Mill — — 0.5 14 Hours Ball Mill — — 0.3 15 Hours Ball Mill — — 1.0 16 Hours Ball Mill — — 1.0

Example 102 Use of a Carbon Black Product in the Preparation of an Aqueous Coating

This example shows that carbon black products of the present invention are useful for the preparation of aqueous coatings. The carbon black product from Example 9 (10 g) was dispersed in 90 g of water by stirring for 10 minutes. Coating composition A was prepared by stirring 4.3 g of this dispersion into a mixture of 7.53 g of CARGILL 17-7240 acrylic resin, 0.80 g of dimethylethanolamine (DMEA), 19.57 g water, 0.37 g SURFYNOL CT136 surfactant, 1.32 g CARGILL 23-2347 melamine resin, 0.53 g ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and 0.075 g BYK-306 surfactant. CARGILL 17-7240 acrylic resin and CARGILL 23-2347 melamine resin are available from Cargill Inc., Minneapolis, Minn. SURFYNOL CT136 is a registered trademark for surfactants produced and sold by Air Products and Chemicals, Inc., Allentown, Pa. BYK-306 is a registered trademark for surfactants produced and sold by BYK-Chemie USA, Wallingford.

A millbase was prepared by grinding an oxidized carbon black product (15 g) with a surface area of 560 m2/g, a DBPA of 80 ml/100 g and a volatile content of 9% in a mixture of 74.6 g of CARGILL 17-7240 acrylic resin, 9.53 g DMEA, 236.5 g water and 16.35 g CT-136 surfactant until its mean volume particle size was 0.18 microns. Comparative coating composition B was prepared by mixing 24.4 g of this millbase with a mixture of 17.51 g CARGILL 17-7240 acrylic resin, 1.74 g DMEA, 50.56 g water, 3.97 g CARGILL 23-2347 melamine resin, 1.59 g ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and 0.23 g BYK-306 surfactant. Glossy lenetta paper coated with compositions A and B was dried at 350° F. for 10 minutes. A clear coat was applied, and the samples were dried again. The paper coated with composition A had Hunter L,a,b values of 1.0, 0.01 and 0.03, respectively, compared to 1.1, 0.01 and −0.06, respectively for the paper coated with comparative composition B.

Example 103 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product and its Use in an Aqueous Coating

This example illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention and the use of this carbon black product in an aqueous coating. A carbon black (200 g) with a CTAB surface area of 350 m2/g and a DBPA of 120 ml/100 g was added to a stirred solution of 42.4 g sulfanilic acid in 2800 g of water. Nitrogen dioxide (25.5 g) was dissolved in 100 g of cold water and added to the carbon black product suspension. Bubbles were released. 4-Sulfobenzenediazonium hydroxide inner salt was formed in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. After stirring for one hour, 5 g of additional NO₂ was added directly to the carbon black dispersion. The dispersion was stirred for an additional 15 minutes, and left overnight. The resulting carbon black product was recovered by drying the dispersion in an oven at 130° C.

A dispersion of this carbon black product was prepared by stirring 10 g of the carbon black product in 90 g of water. Coating composition C was prepared by stirring 4.3 g of this dispersion into a mixture of 7;53 g of CARGILL 17-7240 acrylic resin, 0.80 g of DMEA, 19.57 g water, 0.37 g SURFYNOL CT136 surfactant, 1.32 g CARGILL 23-2347 melamine resin, 0.53 g ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and 0.075 g BYK-306 surfactant.

A millbase was prepared by grinding (in an attritor) an oxidized carbon black product (15 g) with a surface area of 560 m2/g, a DBPA of 91 ml/100 g and a volatile content of 9.5% in a mixture of 74.6 g of CARGILL 17-7240 acrylic resin, 9.53 g DMEA, 236.5 g water and 16.35 g SURFYNOL CT-136 surfactant for 24 hours. Comparative coating composition D was prepared by mixing 24.4 g of this millbase with a mixture of 17.51 g CARGILL 17-7240 acrylic resin, 1.74 g DMEA, 50.56 g water, 3.97 g CARGILL 23-2347 melamine resin, 1.59 g ethylene glycol monobutyl ether and 0.23 g BYK-306 surfactant.

Glossy lenetta paper coated with compositions A and B was dried at 350° F. for 10 minutes. A clear coat was applied, and the samples were dried again. The paper coated with composition C had Hunter L, a, and b values of 1.0, 0.01 and 0.03, respectively, compared to 1.1, 0.01 and −0.06, respectively for the paper coated with comparative composition D.

Examples 104-108 Use of Carbon Black Products in Rubber Formulations

This example illustrates the use of the carbon black products of examples 80 to 84 and the comparative example 89 in rubber formulations. The polymer is milled in a Brabender mixer for 1 minute at 100° C. A mixture of ZnO and the carbon black product was added and mixed for 2 additional minutes. The stearic acid and FLEXZONE 7P anti-degradant were added and mixed for 2 additional minutes. The sample was dumped, cooled and mixed at 80° C. for 1 minute, the curatives were added, and the mixing was continued for an additional minute. The sample was then passed through a two roll mill three times. The recipes and performance data in each case are given in the tables below. NS 114 is a chemically modified tin coupled solution SBR available from Nippon Zeon, Japan. FLEXZONE is a registered trademark for antidegradant products available from Uniroyal Chemical, Naugatuck, Conn. Compara- Example 104 105 106 107 108 tive NS 114 100 100 100 100 100 100 CB Product 50 Example 80 CB Product 50 Example 81 CB Product 50 Example 82 CB Product 50 Example 83 CB Product 50 Example 84 Control CB 50 Example 89 ZnO 3 3 3 3 3 3 Stearic Acid 2 2 2 2 2 2 FLEXZONE 1 1 1 1 1 1 7P product CBS * 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 MBT ** 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Sulfur 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 Total 159.2 159.2 159.2 159.2 159.2 159.2 * CBS = cyclohexylbenzothiazylsulfenamide ** MBT = mercaptobenzothiazole

100% 300% Bound Abrader Abrader Modulus Modulus Tensile Elong. Hardness rubber Tan δ Tan δ index index Mpa Mpa Mpa % Shore A % 0° C. 70° C. 14% slip 21% slip Example 104 4.18 — 19.5 290 60 44.5 0.244 0.114 122 142 Example 105 3.93 — 16.7 274 60 39.6 0.265 0.137 114 141 Example 106 4.33 19.1 20.9 314 61 35.2 0.277 0.131 110 132 Example 107 3.44 15.2 19.6 372 61 30.8 0.304 0.170 103 105 Example 108 3.67 17.6 19.6 335 60 40.9 0.251 0.122 113 129 Comparative 3.25 14.1 18.4 385 60 28.1 0.327 0.173 100 100

These data show that carbon black products of the present invention are useful in rubber formulations. They further show that significant increases in modulus, bound rubber and abrasion resistance are obtained, as are significant decreases in Tan δ. The magnitude of the effect depends on the treatment level as well as on the specific groups attached to the carbon black product.

Examples 109-112 Use of a Carbon Black Product in Rubber Formulations

This example illustrates the use of a carbon black product of the present invention in several different rubber formulations. Rubber compounds were prepared from the carbon black product of Example 85 and of the comparative carbon black product of Example 90 by the method described for examples 104-108 using the recipes below. DURADENE 715 is a solution SBR. DURADENE is a registered trademark for SBR products available from Firestone, Akron Ohio. Example 109 Comparative 110 Comparative 111 Comparative 112 Comparative SBR 1500 100 100 Duradene715 100 100 50 50 NR 100 100 50 50 CB Product 50 50 50 50 Example 85 Control CB 50 50 50 50 Example 90 ZnO 3 3 3 3 4 4 3 3 Stearic Acid 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Flexzone 7P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CBS 1.25 1.25 1.25 1 1 1 1.25 1.25 MBT 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Sulfur 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.5 1.5 1.5 1.5 Total 159.2 159.2 159.2 159.2 159.5 159.5 158.75 158.75

The performance data in the table below show that carbon black products according to the invention are useful in several different rubber formulations. 100% 300% Bound Abrader Abrader Modulus Modulus Tensile Elong. Hardness rubber Tan δ Tan δ index index Mpa Mpa Mpa % Shore A % 0 C. 70 C. 14% slip 21% slip Example 109 4.12 19.3 21.9 338 60 29.8 0.241 0.155 84 117 Comparative 3.70 17.3 23.0 393 62 28.0 0.280 0.182 100 100 Example 110 4.79 — 14.4 233 63 32.4 0.477 0.146 81 175 Comparative 4.10 — 16.3 282 61 28.6 0.544 0.173 100 100 Example 111 3.32 15.1 24.4 456 55 39.1 0.221 0.142 98 135 Comparative 3.48 17.1 27.3 468 57 43.6 0.240 0.138 100 100 Example 112 3.77 15.7 19.0 358 58 33.3 0.296 0.156 100 176 Comparative 3.39 15.4 23.3 441 58 35.1 0.335 0.175 100 100

Example 113 Use of Treated Carbon Black in a Rubber Formulation

This example illustrates the use of a treated carbon black of the present invention in a rubber formulation. Rubber compounds were prepared from the treated carbon black of example 86 and the comparative carbon black of example 89 by the method described in examples 104-108. The formulations and performance data are shown in the following tables. These results show that the treated carbon black is useful in this rubber formulation. NS 116 is a chemically modified tin coupled solution SBR and is available from Nippon Zeon, Japan. Example 113 Comparative NS 116 100 100 CB Product Example 86 50 Control CB Example 89 50 ZnO 3 3 Stearic Acid 2 2 FLEXZONE 7P product 1 1 CBS 1.25 1.25 MBT 0.2 0.2 Sulfur 1.75 1.75 Total 159.2 159.2 100% 300% Bound Abrader Abrader Modulus Modulus Tensile Elong. Hardness rubber Tan δ Tan δ index index Mpa Mpa Mpa % Shore A % 0 C. 70 C. 14% slip 21% slip Example 113 4.46 17.3 18.3 316 64 28.0 0.787 0.190 72 110 Comparative 4.12 16.7 21.2 367 63 26.2 0.818 0.219 100 100

Example 114 Use of a Carbon Black Product in a Rubber Formulation

This example illustrates the use of a carbon black product of the present invention in a rubber formulation. Rubber compounds were prepared from the carbon black product of Example 87 and the comparative carbon black of Example 89 by the method described in Examples 104-108. The formulations and performance data are shown in the following tables. These results show that the carbon black product is useful in this rubber formulation. Example 114 Comparative NS 116 100 100 CB Product Example 87 50 Control CB Example 89 50 ZnO 3 3 Stearic Acid 2 2 FLEXZONE 7P product 1 1 CBS 1.25 1.25 MBT 0.2 0.2 Sulfur 1.75 1.75 Total 159.2 159.2 100% 300% Bound Abrader Abrader Modulus Modulus Tensile Elong. Hardness rubber Tan δ Tan δ index index Mpa Mpa Mpa % Shore A % 0 C. 70 C. 14% slip 21% slip Example 114 5.04 — 16.6 242 60 39.0 0.816 0.145 88 137 Comparative 4.12 16.7 21.2 367 63 26.2 0.818 0.219 100 100

Examples 115-116 Use of Carbon Black Product in Rubber Formulations

These examples illustrate the use of a carbon black product of the present invention in two rubber formulations that are peroxide cured. Rubber compounds were prepared from the carbon black product of Example 88 and from an untreated comparative carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 ml/100 g. The method described in Examples 104-108 was used with the recipies below. Example 115 Comparative 116 Comparative NS-114 100 100 Duradene 715 100 100 CB Product 50 50 Example 88 Control CB 50 50 ZnO 3 3 3 3 Stearic Acid 2 2 2 2 Flexzone 7P 1 1 1 1 Dicumyl peroxide 2 2 2 2 Total 158 158 158 158

The performance data in the table below show that this carbon black product is useful in rubber formulations using a peroxide cure. 100% 200% Bound Abrader Abrader Modulus Modulus Tensile Elong. Hardness rubber Tan δ Tan δ index index Mpa Mpa Mpa % Shore A % ° C. 70° C. 14% slip 21% slip Example 115 3.66 10.4 23.9 356 61 3.3 0.208 0.119 98 101 Comparative 2.94 8.1 21.8 398 62 18 0.284 0.156 100 100 Example 116 5.11 11.5 13.9 233 67 17.5 0.299 0.152 65 74 Comparative 4.07 11.3 20.3 321 61 22.1 0.343 0.180 100 100

Example 117 Use of a Carbon Black Product to Color Textiles

This example illustrates the use of a carbon black of the present invention to color textiles. Samples of textiles were placed for the time indicated below in a stirring dispersion of the carbon black product of Example 16 having attached C₆H₄SO₃— groups at the indicated concentrations at 100° C. The pH was adjusted as shown. The samples were removed, allowed to drain briefly, and posttreated by placing for about 30 seconds in hot water, a hot 1 M solution of NaCl or a hot 0.015 M solution of Al₂(SO₄)₃. When the pH of the carbon dispersion was adjusted, the pH of the NaCl and Al₂(SO₄)₃ posttreatment solutions were adjusted to match. The samples were then washed with water and dried. The L values below show that the textiles were effectively colored with the carbon black product. Lower L values represent darker materials. Carbon conc. Time Post treatment Hunter Textile M pH Min. H2O NaCl Al2 (SO4)3 L Cotton 0.1 A 15 X 34.1 Cotton 0.1 A 45 X 33.6 Cotton 0.1 A 45 X 30.3 Cotton 0.1 A 45 X 29.1 Cotton 0.01 A 45 X 67.4 Linen 0.1 A 45 X 43.2 Linen 0.1 A 45 X 37.3 Linen 0.1 A 45 X 37.8 Wool 0.1 3.5 15 X 22.2 Wool 0.1 3.5 45 X 18.6 Wool 0.1 3.5 45 X 20.0 Wool 0.1 3.5 45 X 17.8 Wool 0.1 5.5 45 X 28.0 Silk 0.1 5.5 15 X 34.9 Silk 0.1 5.5 45 X 34.9 Silk 0.1 5.5 45 X 41.4 Silk 0.1 5.5 45 X 22.2 Polyester 0.1 A 45 X 45.1 Nylon 0.1 3.5 15 X 41.6 Nylon 0.1 3.5 45 X 35.3 Nylon 0.1 3.5 45 X 35.4 Nylon 0.1 3.5 45 X 27.8 Nylon 0.1 5.5 45 X 34.8 A: pH not adjusted

Carbon Black Products Example 118

This example further illustrates the in situ preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/00 g was used.

4-aminophenyl-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide was prepared according to the method described in Brzezinska, E.; Ternay, Jr., A. L. J. Org. Chem. 1994, vol. 59, pp. 8239-8244. 4-aminophenyl-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide (9.79 g) was dissolved in 300 mL of ethanol at 75° C. and added to a stirred slurry containing 225 g of carbon black pellets in 1 liter of ethanol and 6.37 g of 70% nitric acid. To the resulting slurry was added a 10 mL solution of NaNO₂ (2.64 g). Gas was evolved. After stirring for 48 hours most of the ethanol had evaporated and the resulting carbon black product was collected washed with water and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.77% sulfur, compared to 1.12% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.07 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S-(2-C₇H₅NS) groups.

Example 119

This example further illustrates the in situ preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

4-aminophenyl-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide (14.1 g) was prepared as in Example 118 and was dissolved in a solution consisting of 10.1 g of 37% HCl, 360 mL of water and 560 mL of acetone. The orange solution was then added to a stirred slurry of carbon black pellets in 0.8 liters of water and 1.2 liters of acetone. A solution of NaNO₂ (3.81 g) in 60 mL of water and 90 mL of acetone was added to the slurry in one portion. Gas was evolved. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. The carbon black product was washed with water, collected by filtration and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.77% sulfur, compared to 1.09% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.07 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S-(2-C₇H₅NS) groups.

Example 120

This example further illustrates the in situ preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

4-aminophenyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl disulfide was prepared as follows. 4-aminophenyl-2-benzothiazolyl disulfide (14.5 g) was dissolved in 325 mL of chloroform yielding an orange solution. Over the course of 30 minutes a solution of 4-hydroxythiophenol (6.78 g) in 60 mL of chloroform was added dropwise. After addition was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred overnight. The chloroform solution was extracted in a separatory funnel with a solution of 5.3 g of 37% HCl diluted in 200 mL of water. The aqueous layer was collected, neutralized with 5% NaOH, and extracted with ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate layer was isolated, dried over MgSO₄ and filtered. Removal of the ethyl acetate gave 10.5 g of 4-aminophenyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl disulfide as a yellow oil.

To a stirred slurry of 4-aminophenyl-4′-hydroxyphenyl disulfide (8.13 g), prepared as descrbed above, in 300 mL of water was added a solution of 6.99 g of 37% HCl in 75 mL of water. The resulting white suspension was added to a slurry of 225 g of carbon black pellets in 1.5 liters of water and the mixture stirred for 5 minutes. A solution of NaNO₂ (2.64 g) in 100 mL of water was added to the slurry. Gas was evolved. After stirring the slurry overnight, the carbon black product was isolated by filtration and washed with water. The carbon black product was then dried at 125° C. to constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.67% sulfur, compared to 1.11% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.09 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)—OH groups.

Example 121

This example further illustrates the in situ preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

To a stirred slurry of 237 g of carbon black pellets in 1.4 liters of water was added a solution of 4.44 g of 4-aminothiophenol and 7.36 g of 37% HCl in 250 mL of water. To the resulting slurry was added a solution of NaNO₂ (2.78 g) in 75 mL of water. Gas was evolved. The slurry was stirred for 2.5 hours, filtered, and washed with water. The carbon black product was then dried at 125° C. to constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.63% sulfur, compared to 1.11% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.15 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—SH groups.

Example 122

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

To a stirred slurry of 6-amino-2-mercaptobenzothiazole (6.14 g) in 300 mL of water was added 6.99 g of 37% HCl in 75 mL of water. The resulting slurry was cooled to 10° C., and a similarly cooled solution of NaNO₂ (2.64 g) in 50 mL of water was added. The resulting orange slurry was stirred for 30 seconds then added to a stirred slurry of 225 g of carbon black pellets in 1.4 liters of water and 300 g of ice. Gas was evolved. The slurry was stirred for 2.5 hours and then filtered. The carbon black product was then washed with water and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.98% sulfur, compared to 1.11% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.135 mmol/g of attached -6-(2-C₇H₄NS)—SH groups.

Example 123

This example further illustrates the in situ preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]disulfide was prepared as follows. To a refluxing solution of 4-nitrophenylethylbromide (23 g) in a mixture of 280 mL of methanol and 70 mL of water was added a solution of Na₂S₂O₃.5H₂O (31 g) in 75 mL of water. A further 60 mL of water was then added to the reaction mixture. Refluxing conditions were continued for 5 hours. The resulting pale yellow solution was allowed to cool to room temperature. Methanol was removed from the solution on a rotary evaporator leaving a white crystalline aqueous slurry. Addition of 300 mL of water to the slurry yielded a slightly cloudy solution. To this aqueous solution of sodium 4-nitrophenylethylthiosulfate was added a solution of Na₂S.9H₂O (120 g) in 300 mL of water. The reaction mixture rapidly grew cloudy and slightly yellow and, after several minutes of stirring, a white precipitate formed. This slurry was heated to reflux for 18 hours then cooled. An orange oil was present which was extracted with several portions of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extracts were combined, dried over MgSO₄, and filtered. Removal of the ethyl acetate yielded 12 g of bis[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]disulfide as an orange oil.

To a stirred slurry of bis[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]disulfide (5.02 g), prepared as described above, in 200 mL of water was added a solution of 6.67 g of 37% HCl in 100 mL of water. After stirring for 20 minutes an orange solution was obtained and was added to a stirred slurry of carbon black pellets in 1 liter of water. To the resulting slurry was added a solution of NaNO₂ (2.46 g) in 100 mL of water. Gas was evolved. After stirring the slurry overnight, the carbon black product was filtered, washed with water, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.81% sulfur, compared to 11.11% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.11 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—CH₂CH₂—S—S—CH₂CH₂-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 124

This example further illustrates the in situ preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]trisulfide was prepared as follows. To a slurry of iron powder (28.4 g) in 300 mL of water at 100° C. in a 500 mL Erlenmeyer flask was added 1.42 g of FeSO₄.7H₂O. 4-nitrophenylethylthiosulfate (29 g), prepared according to the procedure outlined in Example 123, was added to the iron slurry in 1 gram portions over the course of 5 minutes while maintaining a temperature of 96-98° C. During the addition, the flask was manually shaken to ensure good mixing. After the addition of 4-nitrophenylethylthiosulfate was complete, a further 9.5 g of Fe was added and heating continued for 5 minutes. Once the flask had cooled to room temperature, several drops of conc. NH₄OH were added to adjust the pH of the reaction mixture from 5 to 9.5. The mixture was then filtered and the iron and iron salts washed with two 50 mL portions of water. The yellow filtrate was acidified with 37% HCl to a pH of 1. At about a pH of 5, a white precipitate began to form. After cooling the acidified filtrate at 5° C. overnight, the solid was collected by filtration, washed with water then acetone, and air dried. Approximately 14.3 g of S-(4-aminophenylethyl)thiosulfuric acid was isolated.

To a slurry of 16 g S-(4-aminophenylethyl)thiosulfuric acid in 500 mL of water was added solid NaHCO₃ to adjust to pH to 8. As the pH was raised the solid dissolved yielding a solution of sodium S-(4-aminophenylethyl)thiosulfate. To this was added a solution of Na₂S.9H₂O (12.3 g) in 150 mL of water dropwise over the course of 30 minutes with the concomitant formation of a precipitate. After the addition was complete, the reaction mixture was stirred for 15 minutes and then extracted twice in a separatory funnel with first 200 mL then 100 mL of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extracts were combined and dried over MgSO₄. The ethyl acetate was evaporated leaving a yellow solid. Final isolated yield of bis[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]trisulfide was 11.3 g.

To a stirred slurry of bis[2-(4-aminophenyl)ethyl]trisulfide (11.3 g), prepared as described above, in 300 mL of water was added a solution 13.7 g of 37% HCl diluted in 100 mL of water. After stirring for 20 minutes, an additional 200 mL of water was added and the mixture gently heated to 45° C. and stirred for 15 minutes to obtain a solution. The resulting solution was cooled to room temperature and added to a stirred slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 1.2 liters of water. Next, a solution of NaNO₂ (5.04 g) in 100 mL of water was added to the carbon black slurry. Gas was evolved. The reaction mixture was stirred overnight and the carbon black product isolated by filtration, washed with water, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 2.09% sulfur, compared to 1.11% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.10 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—CH₂CH₂—S—S—S—CH₂CH₂-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 125

This example further illustrates the in situ preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

To a stirred slurry of bis(2-aminophenyl)disulfide in 500 mL of water was added a solution of 13.6 g of 37% HCl in 80 mL of water. The resulting slurry was heated to 65° C. yielding a gold solution with a brown solid. After filtering the hot solution to remove the solid, the solution was then added with stirring to a room temperature slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 1.2 liters of water. A solution of NaNO₂ (5.04 g) in 90 mL of water was then added to the carbon black slurry over the course of a minute. Gas was evolved. The mixture was stirred for 2 hours, filtered and washed with water, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.44% sulfur, compared to 1.12% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.05 mmol/g of attached -(2-C₆H₄)—S—S-(2-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 126

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(3-aminophenyl)disulfide was prepared as follows from bis(3-nitrophenyl)disulfide following a procedure similar to the one described by W. A. Sheppard in Organic Syntheses, Coll. Vol. 5, p. 843. To 13.7 g of solid 3-nitrobenzenesulfonyl chloride was added 46 mL of 47% hydriodic acid (HI) yielding a dark brown mixture. The mixture was refluxed for 2.5 hours. During the course of the reaction, the iodine by-product sublimed into the water condenser and was removed at appropriate intervals to prevent clogging of the condenser. When the reaction mixture had cooled, NaHSO₃ was added to neutralize the remaining iodine. The resulting slurry was filtered to collect the solid, and the solid was washed with 200 mL of water. The solid was then extracted on the filter with 300 mL of acetone yielding an orange solution. Removal of the acetone gave 8.4 g of bis(3-nitrophenyl)disulfide as a orange solid.

To a stirred slurry bis(3-nitrophenyl)disulfide (8.4 g) in 100 mL of water was added a solution of Na₂S-9H₂O (20.4 g) in 100 mL of water. The reaction mixture was heated to reflux at which point a dark red solution was obtained. After refluxing for 18 hours, an additional 5 g of Na₂S.9H₂O was added to the reaction mixture and heating continued for 2 hours. To the cooled reaction mixture was added 3.5 g of 30% H₂O₂ in a dropwise manner. The white precipitate which formed was extracted twice with 100 mL of ethyl acetate. The ethyl acetate extracts were combined and dried over MgSO₄. Removal of the ethyl acetate gave 5.9 g of bis(3-aminophenyl)disulfide.

To a stirred slurry of of bis(3-aminophenyl)disulfide (10.2 g), prepared as described above, in 0.7 liters of water was added a solution of 18 g of 37% HCl in 50 mL of water. This solution was cooled to 10° C., and a similarly cooled solution of NaNO₂ (6.1 g) in 75 mL of water then added. This mixture was then added to a stirred slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 1.8 liters of water. Gas was evolved. After stirring for 2 hours, the carbon black product was isolated by filtration, washed with water and dried at 115° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.71% sulfur, compared to 1.11% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.09 mmol/g of attached -(3-C₆H₄)—S—S-(3-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 127

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

6-amino-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole was prepared according to the method described in Ward, E. R.; Poesche, W. H.; Higgins, D.; and Heard, D. D. J. Chem. Soc. 1962, pp. 2374-2379. A solution of 3.5 g HCl in 50 mL water was added to solid 6-amino-1,2,3-benzothiadiazole (2.38 g), and the resulting solution cooled to 10° C. Next, a cold solution of NaNO₂ (1.1 g) in 50 mL was added, and this mixture was then added to a stirred slurry of carbon black pellets (105 g) in 500 mL of water and 100 g of ice. Gas was evolved. After stirring the mixture for 3 hours, the carbon black product was collected by filtration, washed with water and isopropanol, and air dried to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.50% sulfur, compared to 1.06% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.14 mmol/g of attached -6-(C₇H₅N₂S) groups.

Example 128

This example further illustrates the in situ preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

N-morpholino-(6-aminobenzothiazole)-2-sulfenamide was prepared as follows. A solution of NaI₃ was prepared by adding 12 (35.5 g) to an aqueous solution consisting of NaI (47 g) dissolved in 150 mL of water. Next, 6-amino-2-mercaptobenzothiazole (6.5 g) was added to a solution consisting of NaOH (2.84 g) in 50 mL of water. After stirring for 15 minutes, a red-brown solution was obtained to which morpholine (9.28 g) was added. To this mixture was added the previously prepared NaI₃ solution. A brown precipitate formed and the slurry was stirred for 4 hours. The solid was isolated by filtration and air dried. The solid was slurried in 75 mL of ethanol and 3.34 g of morpholine. To this slurry was added dropwise a solution of 3.24 g of 12 in 60 mL of ethanol over the course of 20 minutes. After stirring the mixture at room temperature overnight, the ethanol was removed on a rotary evaporator and the residue washed with an aqueous solution of NaI to remove unreacted iodine. The product was collected by filtration, washed with 250 mL of water, and then dried in a vacuum oven at 60° C. for 6 hours. 9.2 g of N-morpholino-(6-aminobenzothiazole)-2-sulfenamide was isolated in 80% purity.

To a stirred slurry containing carbon black pellets (175 g), N-morpholino-(6-aminobenzothiazole)-2-sulfenamide (7.01 g) and NaNO₂ (1.96 g) in 1 liter of water was added a solution consisting of 5.43 g of 37% HCl diluted in 75 mL of water. Gas was evolved. After stirring the slurry for 48 hours, the carbon black product was filtered, washed with water, and dried at 100° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.62% sulfur, compared to 1.12% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.08 mmol/g of attached -6-(2-C₇H₄NS)—S—NRR′ groups, where RR′ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂—.

Example 129

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(4-aminophenyl)tetrasulfide was prepared as follows. Under a nitrogen atmosphere, a solution of 9.74 g of 4-aminothiophenol in 150 mL of anydrous tetrahydrofuran (THF) was prepared. The solution was then cooled in a dry ice/ethanol bath. Butyl lithium was added to the flask and a thick yellow precipitate formed. Another 125 mL of THF was added to the flask and the flask warmed in an ice water bath to 5° C. Sulfur monochloride, S₂Cl₂, (2.80 mL) was added to the slurry over the course of 5 seconds resulting in a red solution. After standing overnight at −15° C., the reaction mixture was warmed to room temperature and the THF removed using a rotary evaporator. The orange oil was redissolved in CH₂Cl₂, filtered through Celite to remove insoluble LiCl and dried over MgSO₄. After filtering the solution to remove the MgSO₄, CH₂Cl₂ was removed yielding 11.4 g of bis(4-aminophenyl)tetrasulfide as an orange oil.

A solution of 13 g of 37% HCl in 75 mL of water was added to a slurry of bis(4-aminophenyl)tetrasulfide (10 g), prepared as described above, in 200 mL of water, and the resulting mixture was stirred for 15 minutes. The orange-red suspension was cooled to 10° C., and a similarly cooled solution of NaNO₂ (4.8 g) in 60 mL of water was added over the course of 1-2 minutes. The resulting orange-yellow slurry was combined with a stirred slurry of carbon black pellets (213 g) in 1 liter of water and 200 g of ice. Gas was evolved. After stirring the mixture overnight, the carbon black product was isolated by filtration, washed with water, and dried at 120° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 2.40% sulfur, compared to 1.23% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product-had 0.09 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 130

This example further illustrates the in situ preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(4-aminophenyl)tetrasulfide was prepared as follows. To a stirred slurry of 4-nitrochlorobenzene (59 g) in 600 mL of water was added a solution consisting of Na₂S.9H₂O (240 g) dissolved in 200 mL of water. The resulting mixture was heated to reflux over the course of 45 minutes and continued for 17 hours. At the end of 17 hours a small amount of oil was present in the flask. After allowing the reaction mixture to cool to room temperature, the aqueous solution was decanted from the oil and then filtered. Next, elemental sulfur powder (72 g) was added to the aqueous filtrate and the resulting slurry heated to reflux. After 22 hours, a large amount of orange oil was present in the reaction. Heat was removed and the reaction mixture cooled to room temperature. The orange oil was extracted into 500 mL of ethyl acetate. Once the ethyl acetate solution had been filtered and dried over MgSO₄, the ethyl acetate was removed to give bis(4-aminophenyl)tetrasulfide as an orange oil.

Bis(4-aminophenyl)tetrasulfide (10.5 g), prepared as described above, was stirred in 300 mL of water, and to this was added a solution of 13.7 g of 37% HCl diluted in 100 mL of water. After stirring 15 minutes, an additional 200 mL of water was added. Stirring for another 45 minutes yielded a finely divided suspension. The suspension was filtered to remove the solid, and the filtrate was combined with a stirred slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 1.2 liters of water. Next, a solution of NaNO₂ (5.04 g) in 50 mL of water was added to the carbon black slurry. Gas was evolved. After stirring the mixture overnight, the carbon black product was isolated by filtration, washed with water and dried at 120° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 2.36% sulfur, compared to 1.09% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.10 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 131

A carbon black product having attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups was prepared by following the method of Example 130 and using a suspension of 7.03 g of 4-aminophenyl tetrasulfide in 200 mL of water, a solution 9.09 g of 37% HCl in 75 mL, a solution of 3.36 g of NaNO₂ in 100 mL of water, and a slurry 225 g of the same carbon black pellets in 1.2 liters of water.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.63% sulfur, compared to 1.00% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.05 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 132

A carbon black product having attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups was prepared by following the method of Example 130 and using a suspension of 5.27 g of 4-aminophenyl tetrasulfide in 200 mL of water, a solution 6.82 g of 37% HCl in 75 mL, a solution of 2.52 g of NaNO₂ in 100 mL of water, and a slurry 225 g of the same carbon black pellets in 1.2 liters of water.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.54% sulfur, compared to 1.00% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.03 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 133

A carbon black product having attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups was prepared by following the method of Example 130 and using a suspension of 3.22 g of 4-aminophenyl tetrasulfide in 200 mL of water, a solution 4.16 g of 37% HCl in 75 mL, a solution of 1.54 g of NaNO₂ in 100 mL of water, and a slurry 206 g of the same carbon black pellets in 1.2 liters of water.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.26% sulfur, compared to 1.00% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.02 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 134

This example further illustrates the in situ preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Liquid 4-aminostyrene (4.02 g) was added to a dilute aqueous acid solution previously prepared by adding 7.33 g of 37% HCl to 150 mL of water. After stirring the mixture for 5 minutes, a yellow solution was obtained and added to stirred slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 1.2 liters of water. Addition of a solution of NaNO₂ (2.94 g) dissolved in 50 mL of water resulted in the formation of gas. After stirring the mixture for 3 hours, the carbon black product was isolated by filtration, washed with water, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 0.46% hydrogen, compared to 0.37% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.06 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—CH═CH₂ groups.

Example 135

This example further illustrates the in situ preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

S-(4-aminophenyl)thiosulfuric acid (6.60 g) was prepared by the method described in Tanaka et al, Chem. Pharm. Bull. 1974, vol. 22, p. 2725, and was dissolved in 600 mL of water containing 3.50 g of 37% HCl. This solution was added to a stirred slurry of carbon black pellets (215 g) in 1.2 liters of water. Next, an aqueous solution of NaNO₂ (2.52 g) in 30 mL of water was added to the slurry. Gas was evolved. After stirring the mixture for 2 hours then standing overnight, the carbon black product was isolated by filtration, washed with water, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.58% sulfur, compared to 1.23% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.05 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—SO₃H groups.

Example 136

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis[4-(4′-aminobenzenesulfonamido)phenyl]disulfide was prepared as follows. To N-acetylsulfanilyl chloride (20.0 g) stirring in acetone (500 mL) at room temperature was added 4-aminophenyl disulfide (10.12 g) followed by pyridine (7.09 g). The cloudy yellow-orange reaction mixture was allowed to stir for 20 hours, during which time a clear, golden yellow solution formed. 7.5 mL of 37% HCl was added to 45 mL of water, and this acid solution was added to the reaction mixture. The acetone was removed, and the remaining mixture was diluted with 100 mL of water and extracted with ethyl acetate (2×200 mL). The combined ethyl acetate extracts were washed with water (5×100 mL), washed with a saturated brine solution (1×100 mL), dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. Removal of the ethyl acetate yielded 29.37 g of crude product as a tan foam. This material was added to a flask containing THF (150 mL), and 2N HCl (150 mL) was added. The resulting slurry was heated to reflux. After 24 hours at reflux, 48 mL of 2N HCl were added, and the reaction was continued at reflux for 22 hours. The clear orange solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and carefully made basic with solid NaHCO₃, and the resulting mixture extracted with ethyl acetate (3×200 mL). The combined ethyl acetate extracts were washed with water (4×200 mL) until neutral, dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. Removal of the ethyl acetate yielded 20.2 g of the desired product as a yellow solid.

Bis[4-(4′-aminobenzenesulfonamido)phenyl]disulfide (18.83 g), prepared as described above, was dissolved in a mixture of 500 mL of water, 632.4 g of acetone, and 13.65 g of 37% HCl. This yellow solution was cooled in an ice water bath, and NaNO₂ (13.65 g) was added, yielding a deep red solution containing an orange precipitate. This mixture was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 1/1 acetone/water (1.5 liters total). Gas was evolved. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. The carbon black product was washed with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 2.21% sulfur, compared to 1.14% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.084 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—SO₂NH-(4-C₆H₄)—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)—NHSO₂-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 137

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

p-Phenylenediamine (4.87 g) was dissolved in 250 mL of water containing 9.11 g of 37% HCl. This was cooled in an ice bath, and a solution of 3.36 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 125 mL of water was added. The resulting blue-green solution was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 2 liters of water containing 280 g of ice. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

Example 138

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

p-Phenylenediamine (2.43 g) was dissolved in 250 mL of water containing 9.11 g of 37% HCl. This was cooled in an ice bath, and a solution of 3.36 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 125 mL of water was added. This blue-green solution was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 2 liters of water containing 280 g of ice. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

Example 139

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

2,2′-bis(6-aminobenzothiazolyl)disulfide was prepared as follows. 6-Amino-2-mercaptobenzothiazole (15.0 g) was added to 500 mL of water. To this slurry was added a solution of NaOH (3.3 g) dissolved in 1 liter of water, and the mixture stirred for 1 hour at room temperature until most of the thiol was dissolved. A solution containing NaI (24.73 g) and 12 (10.47 g) in 750 mL of water was added to the thiolate solution gradually over 1.5 hours with vigorous stirring. During the addition, a thick slurry containing a yellowish solid formed. After the addition and continued stirring for an additional 45 minutes, the solid was isolated by filtration.

2,2′-bis(6-aminobenzothiazolyl)-disulfide (12.23 g), prepared as described above, was added to 600 mL of water containing 13.66 g of 37% HCl. This yellow slurry was cooled in an ice bath, and a solution of 5.04 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 50 mL of water was added. The resulting dark brown mixture was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 2 liters of water containing 280 g of ice. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. The product was washed with water and isopropanol, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.69% sulfur, compared to 1.00% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.054 mmol/g of attached -6-(2-C₇H₄NS)—S—S-2-(6-C₇H₄NS)— groups.

Example 140

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

4-aminophenyl-4-aminobenzyl sulfide was prepared as follows. A solution of NaOH (7.1 g) in water (200 mL) was added to a mixture of 4-aminothiophenol (19.8 g) in 190 mL of water. The mixture was stirred until most of the thiophenol was dissolved. To this mixture was added 4-nitrobenzyl chloride (25.8 g) in portions with good stirring. The resulting yellow solution was then stirred at reflux for 1.5 hours, during which time a thick red oil separated. At the end of the reaction, the mixture was allowed to cool to room temperature, and the red oil separated as a waxy solid. The solid was extracted with ethyl acetate (400 mL followed by 100 mL), and the combined ethyl acetate extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. Removal of the ethyl acetate yielded 38.65 g of 4-aminophenyl-4-nitrobenzyl sulfide.

All of the above product was dissolved in a mixture of ethanol (235 mL) and water (780 mL). To this solution was added 37% HCl (27.83 g) and iron powder (49.78 g), and the slurry stirred at reflux for 3 hours. After cooling to room temperature, 200 mL of water were added, and the mixture was extracted with ethyl acetate (600 mL followed by 200 mL). The combined ethyl acetate extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. Removal of the ethyl acetate yielded 31.53 g of the desired product.

4-aminophenyl-4-aminobenzyl sulfide (7.77 g), prepared as described above, was added to 250 mL of water containing 13.7 g of 37% HCl. The resulting solution was cooled in an ice bath and a solution of 5.04 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 125 mL of water added. The resulting mixture was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 2 liters of water containing 280 g of ice. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was collected by filtration, washed with water then with ethanol, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.38% sulfur, compared to 1.00% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.12 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆—H₄)—S—CH₂-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 141

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(4-aminophenyl)thiosulfonate was prepared following a modified procedure to the one described in Leitch, L.; Baker, B.; Brickman, L. Can. J. Res. Sect. B 1945, 23, 139. To a well-stirred mixture of thiourea (11.4 g) in acetone (175 mL) was added pyridine (16.85 mL) followed by N-acetylsulfanilyl chloride (35.05 g). A yellow color developed. This mixture was heated to reflux and stirred under these conditions for 80 minutes. The reaction was then allowed to cool to room temperature, and a fluffy solid precipitated. After removing the acetone, 500 mL of hot water were added. A pale yellow precipitate formed, which was isolated by filtration, yielding 22.7 g of bis(4-acetamidophenyl)thiosulfonate.

The desired final product was obtained following a modification to the procedure described in Bere, C.; Smiles, S. J. Chem. Soc. 1924, 2359. All of the bis-(4-acetamidophenyl)thiosulfanate prepared above (22.7 g) was dissolved in 250 mL of THF, and 250 mL of 2N HCl was added. The mixture was heated to reflux and stirred for 5 hours. After allowing the reaction to cool to room temperature, most of the THF was removed and solid NaHCO₃ added carefully until no further gas evolution was seen. An orange precipitate formed, which was isolated by filtration, yielding the desired bis(4-aminophenyl)thiosulfonate (10.3 g).

Bis(4-aminophenyl)thiosulfonate (9.46 g), prepared as described above, was added to 250 mL of water containing 13.65 g of 37% HCl, and the cloudy yellow mixture cooled in an ice bath. To this was added a solution of 5.04 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 125 mL of water. A yellow colloidal suspension formed. The resulting mixture was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 2 liters of water containing 280 g of ice. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. The product was washed with water and collected by filtration. This was then washed with ethanol, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.85% sulfur, compared to 1.30% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.086 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—SO₂—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 142

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(4-aminobenzyl)sulfide was prepared as follows. A solution of 4-nitrobenzyl chloride (55.0 g) in 500 mL of THF was added slowly, with good stirring, to a solution of Na₂S.9H₂O (43.2 g) in 1 liter of water. The mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Removal of the THF and filtration yielded 46.8 g of bis(4-nitrobenzyl)sulfide.

All of this material was dissolved in 530 mL of ethanol. Water (1.1 liters) was added followed by 530 mL of 2N HCl and 69.1 g of iron powder. While stirring vigorously, the mixture was heated at reflux for 3 hours. After cooling to room temperature, 800 mL of water were added, and the reaction mixture was extracted with 1900 mL of ethyl acetate in several portions. The combined ethyl acetate extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. Removal of the ethyl acetate yielded 28.9 g of the desired bis(4-aminobenzyl)sulfide.

Bis(4-aminobenzyl)sulfide (12.8 g), prepared as described above, was added to 700 mL of water containing 21.3 g of 37% HCl. The resulting solution was stirred for 2 hours and then cooled in an ice bath. A solution of 7.84 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 75 mL of water was added. The resulting brown colloidal suspension was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (350 g) in 2.5 liters of water containing 280 g of ice. The slurry was stirred overnight and then filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with ethanol then with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.34% sulfur, compared to 1.00% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.11 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—CH₂—S—CH₂-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 143

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(4-aminobenzyl)sulfide (10.99 g), prepared as described for Example 142 ove, was added to 700 mL of water containing 18.2 g of 37% HCl. After stirring for 2 hours, the solution was cooled in an ice bath. A solution of 6.72 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 75 mL of water was added. The resulting brown colloidal suspension was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 2 liters of water containing 280 g of ice. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with ethanol then with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.40% sulfur, compared to 1.00% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.125 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—CH₂—S—CH₂-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 144

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(3-aminobenzyl)sulfide was prepared as follows. A solution of 3-nitrobenzyl chloride (55.0 g) in 500 mL of THF was added to a solution of Na₂S.9H₂O (43.2 g) in 1 liter of water slowly with good stirring. This mixture was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours. Removal of the THF and filtration yielded 45.8 g of bis(3-nitrobenzyl)sulfide.

All of this material was dissolved in 530 mL of ethanol. 1.1 liters of water was added followed by 140 mL of 2N HCl and 67.64 g of iron powder. While stirring vigorously, the mixture was heated to reflux for 4.5 hours. More iron powder (15.0 g) was added, and the reaction was continued at reflux for an additional 1 hour. After cooling to room temperature, the reaction mixture was extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. Removal of the ethyl acetate yielded 33.1 g of the desired bis(3-aminobenzyl) sulfide.

Bis(3-aminobenzyl)sulfide (10.99 g), prepared as described above, was added to 400 mL of water containing 18.2 g of 37% HCl. After stirring for 2 hours, the solution was cooled in an ice bath. A solution of 6.72 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 75 mL of water was added. The resulting brown colloidal suspension was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 2 liters of water containing 280 g of ice. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. The product was washed with ethanol then with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dired contained 1.50% sulfur, compared to 1.21% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.09 mmol/g of attached -(3-C₆H₄)—CH₂—S—CH₂-(3-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 145

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(3-aminobenzyl)sulfide (16.48 g), prepared as described for Example 144 above, was added to 500 mL of water containing 27.32 g of 37% HCl. After stirring for 2 hours, the solution was cooled in an ice bath. A solution of 10.1 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 75 mL of water was added. The resulting brown colloidal suspension was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (450 g) in 3 liters of water containing 300 g of ice. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with ethanol then with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.30% sulfur, compared to 1.00% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.094 mmol/g of attached -(3-C₆H₄)—CH₂—S—CH₂-(3-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 146

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(4-aminobenzyl)disulfide was prepared as follows. A mixture of 4-nitrobenzyl chloride (40.0 g) in 933 mL of methanol and 233 mL or water was heated until a solution formed. To this was added slowly, with good stirring, a solution of Na₂S₂O₃.5H₂O (72.34 g) in 233 mL of water. This mixture was then stirred at reflux for 4 hours. After cooling to room temperature, most of the methanol was removed, and to the aqueous solution (approximately 300 mL) was added a solution of Na₂CO₃ in 600 mL of water. This was stirred at room temperature for 18 hours, during which time a cream colored opaque mixture formed. The precipitate was isolated by filtration and washed with water yielding 37.1 g of bis(4-nitrobenzyl)disulfide.

Bis(4-nitrobenzyl)disulfide (10.0 g) was dissolved in 1.5 liters of ethanol (heating to approximately 73° followed by filtration was needed in order to obtain a clear solution). To this heated solution was added 0.5 liters of water, 30 mL of 2N HCl, and 16.4 g of iron powder. The temperature was then allowed to drop to approximately 45°, and the reaction was continued at this temperature for 8 hours. The reaction mixture was then heated to reflux and allowed to continue for 3.5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, the mixture was then extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. Removal of the ethyl acetate yielded 4.69 g of the desired bis(4-aminobenzyl)disulfide.

Bis(4-aminobenzyl)disulfide (9.32 g), prepared as described above, was added to 250 mL of water containing 13.66 g of 37% HCl. After stirring for 2 hours, the solution was cooled in an ice bath. A solution of 5.04 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 125 mL of water was added. This mixture was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 2 liters of water containing 280 g of ice. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. The product was washed with ethanol then with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.55% sulfur, compared to 1.00% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.086 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—CH₂—S—S—CH₂-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 147

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(3-aminobenzyl)disulfide was prepared as follows. A solution of Na₂S₂O₃.5H₂O (72.34 g) in 233 mL of water was added slowly, with good stirring, to a solution of 3-nitrobenzyl chloride (40.0 g) in 933 mL of methanol and 233 mL of water. The resulting mixture was then stirred at reflux for 4 hours. After cooling to room temperature, most of the methanol was removed, and the aqueous layer was extracted with ethyl acetate. Removal of the water from the aqueous layer yielded 69.04 g of the sodium salt of 3-nitrobenzyl thiosulfate.

A solution of Na₂CO₃ (124.83 g) in 1 liter of water was gradually added to a solution of the sodium salt of 3-nitrobenzyl thiosulfate (39.21 g) in 800 mL of water with good stirring. After stirring at room temperature for 18 hours, a cream colored opaque mixture formed. The precipitate was isolated by filtration and washed with water yielding 16.8 g of bis(3-nitrobenzyl)disulfide.

Bis(3-nitrobenzyl)disulfide (7.5 g) was dissolved in 1.5 liters of ethanol (this was heated and then filtered while warm in order to obtain a clear solution). To this heated solution was added 750 mL of water, 22.5 mL of 2N HCl, and 12.3 g of iron powder. The reaction was then further heated to just below the reflux temperature, and heating was continued for 5 hours. After cooling to room temperature, 400 mL of water was added, and the mixture was then extracted several times with ethyl acetate. The combined ethyl acetate extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. Removal of the ethyl acetate yielded 5.15 g of the desired bis(3-aminobenzyl)disulfide.

Bis(3-aminobenzyl)disulfide (9.99 g), prepared as described above, was added to 250 mL of water containing 14.6 g of 37% HCl. After stirring for 2 hours, the solution was cooled in an ice bath. A solution of 5.4 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 125 mL of water was added. This mixture was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (241 g) in 2 liters of water containing 280 g of ice. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product washed with ethanol then with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.62% sulfur, compared to 1.00% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.097 mmol/g of attached -(3-C₆H₄)—CH₂—S—S—CH₂-(3-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 148

This example further illustrates the in situ method of preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

N-morpholino-(4-aminophenyl)sulfenamide was prepared as follows. A solution of 12 (14.2 g) in ethanol (300 mL) was added to a well-stirred solution containing 4-diaminophenyl disulfide (13.9 g) and morpholine (24.4 g) in ethanol (300 mL). The reaction mixture was stirred at room temperature for 3 hours. Removal of the ethanol gave a thick, nearly black oil. It was redissolved in 750 mL of ethyl acetate and washed several times with water. The ethyl acetate layer was dried over Na₂SO₄, and filtered. Removal of the ethyl acetate yielded 19.6 g of the desired N-morpholino-(4-aminophenyl)sulfenamide.

N-morpholino-(4-aminophenyl)sulfenamide (9.46 g), prepared as described above, was added to a well-stirred mixture of carbon black (225 g), ice (280 g), and water (2 liters). To this was added a solution of 3.36 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 75 mL of water followed by addition of a solution of 37% HCl (4.66 g) in 75 mL of water. The slurry was stirred for 5 hours, filtered to collect the carbon black product, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.26% sulfur, compared to 1.21% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.02 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—NRR′ groups where RR′ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂—.

Example 149

This example further illustrates the in situ method of preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

N-morpholino-(4-aminophenyl)sulfenamide (9.46 g), prepared as described for Example 148 above, was added to a well-stirred mixture of carbon black (225 g), ice (280 g), and water (2 liters). To this was added a solution of 3.36 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 75 mL of water followed by addition of a solution of 37% HCl (9.32 g) in 75 mL of water. The slurry was stirred for 5 hours, filtered to collect the carbon black product, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.34% sulfur, compared to 1.21% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.04 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—NRR′ groups where RR′ is —CH₂CH₂OCH₂CH₂—.

Example 150

This example further illustrates the method of preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis[2-(4-aminobenzenesulfonamido)ethyl]disulfide was prepared as follows. To a well-stirred mixture of N-acetylsulfanilyl chloride (1.26 g) in 50 mL of CH₂Cl₂ in an ice bath was added triethylamine (559 mg) followed by cystamine (2,2′-diaminoethyl disulfide, 400 mg). The ice bath was removed, and the reaction was stirred for 18 hours at room temperature. Removal of the CH₂Cl₂ gave a brownish-yellow solid, which was stirred vigorously in 50 mL of water for 3 hours and filtered to give 1.24 g of bis[2-(4-acetamidobenzenesulfonamido)ethyl]disulfide.

A sample of bis[2-(4-acetamidobenzenesulfonamido)ethyl]disulfide (1.00 g) was heated to reflux in a mixture of 40 mL of ethanol and 40 mL of 2 N HCl, and stirred at this temperature for 3 hours. After cooling to room temperature, 200 mL of water were added and the mixture made basic by carefully adding solid NaHCO₃. A white precipitate formed which was isolated by extraction of the basic aqueous layer with ethyl acetate (2×150 mL). The combined ethyl acetate extracts were dried over Na₂SO₄ and filtered. Removal of the ethyl acetate yielded 735 mg of the desired bis[2-(4-aminobenzenesulfonamido)ethyl]disulfide.

Bis[2-(4-aminobenzenesulfonamido)ethyl]disulfide (15.6 g), prepared as described above, was added to 275 mL of water containing 13.6 g of 37% HCl and the mixture cooled in an ice bath. Next, a solution of 5.04 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 60 mL of water was added to the mixture. The resulting yellow slurry was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 1.2 liters of water. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 100° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 2.06% sulfur, compared to 1.21% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.07 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—SO₂NH—CH₂CH₂—S—S—CH₂CH₂—NHSO₂-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 151

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

2-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3-dithiane was prepared following a modification to the procedure described in Truce, W.; Roberts, F J. Org. Chem. 1963, 28, 961. To a well-stirred mixture of 4-acetamidobenzaldehyde (12.7 g) in 200 mL of acetic acid was added MgCl₂ (5.57 g) followed by 1,3-propane dithiol (8.44 g). The reaction mixture turned white upon addition of the dithiol. This mixture was stirred at room temperature for 2 hours. The white precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed several times with water, and dried to give 12.5 g of 2-(4-acetamidophenyl)-1,3-dithiane.

All 12.5 g of 2-(4-acetamidophenyl)-1,3-dithiane was dissolved in 150 mL of ethanol. A total of 150 mL of 2N HCl was added, and the reaction mixture was heated to reflux. After reacting at this temperature for 6 hours, the clear yellow solution was allowed to cool to room temperature and then made basic with a dilute NaOH solution. The resulting light yellow precipitate was isolated by filtration, washed with water until neutral, and dried to yield 14.8 g of the desired 2-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3-dithiane.

2-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3-dithiane (7.13 g), prepared as described above, was added to 250 mL of water containing 6.83 g of 37% HCl and was cooled in an ice bath. A solution of 2.52 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 125 mL of water was added. This mixture was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 2 liters of water containing 200 g of ice. The slurry was stirred for 4.5 hours and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.65% sulfur, compared to 1.21% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.07 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)-2-(1,3-dithiane) groups.

Example 152

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

2-(4-aminophenyl)-1,3-dithiane (4.75 g), prepared as described in Example 151 above, was added to 250 mL of water containing 4.55 g of 37% HCl. Next, the mixture was cooled in an ice bath and a solution of 1.68 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 125 mL of water was added. The resulting mixture was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (112.5 g) in 2 liters of water containing 100 g of ice. The slurry was stirred for 4.5 hours and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.47% sulfur, compared to 1.21% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.04 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)-2-(1,3-dithiane) groups.

Example 153

This example further illustrates the in situ preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

N,N′-bis-(4-aminophenyl)-piperazinosulfenamide was prepared as follows. A solution of 12 (21.6 g) in 800 mL of ethanol was added to a well-stirred solution of 4,4-diaminophenyldisulfide (21.3 g) and piperazine (36.7 g) in 1 liter of ethanol at room temperature. The dark colored reaction mixture was stirred at this temperature for 16 hours and then filtered. The cream colored precipitate was washed with water and filtered to yield 25.1 g of the desired N,N′-bis-(4-aminophenyl)-piperazinosulfenamide.

N,N′-bis-(4-aminophenyl)-piperazinosulfenamide (11.2 g), prepared as described above, was added to a well-stirred mixture of carbon black (225 g), ice (280 g), and water (2 liters). To this was added a solution of 5.04 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 75 mL of water followed by a solution of 37% HCl (13.65 g) in 75 mL of water. The slurry was stirred overnight and filtered to collect the carbon black product. The product was washed with water, filtered, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.91% sulfur, compared to 1.21% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.11 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S-(1,4-C₄H₈N₂)—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 154

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide (4.19 g) was dissolved in 230 mL of water containing 7.32 g of 37% HCl. The solution was then cooled in an ice bath and a solution of 2.64 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 40 mL of water added. This mixture was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 1200 mL of water containing a small amount of ice. The slurry was stirred for 2 hours and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with ethanol, then with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.55% sulfur, compared to 1.10% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.07 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 155

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide (8.55 g) was dissolved in 180 mL of water containing 14.65 g of 37% HCl. The solution was then cooled in an ice bath and 50 mL of ethanol was added followed by addition of a solution of 5.28 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 35 mL of water. This mixture was added in several portions to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 1200 mL of water containing a small amount of ice. The slurry was stirred for 2 hours and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with ethanol, then with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 1.82% sulfur, compared to 1.10% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.11 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 156

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/00 g was used.

Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide (1.18 g) was dissolved in 560 mL of water containing 19.53 g of 37% HCl. The solution was cooled in an ice bath and a solution of 7.04 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 60 mL of water added. An additional 150 mL of water was added, and the mixture added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 1200 mL of water containing a small amount of ice. The slurry was stirred for 2 hours and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with ethanol, then with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 2.26% sulfur, compared to 1.10% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.18 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 157

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide (13.97 g) was dissolved in 560 mL of water containing 24.4 g of 37% HC 1. The solution was cooled in an ice bath and a solution of 8.80 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 60 mL of water added. An additional 150 mL of water was added and the resulting mixture added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 1200 mL of water containing a small amount of ice. The slurry was stirred for 3.5 hours and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with ethanol, then with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 2.50% sulfur, compared to 1.10% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.22 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 158

This example further illustrates the preparation of a carbon black product of the present invention. A carbon black with an iodine number of 120 mg/g and a DBPA of 125 mL/100 g was used.

Bis(4-aminophenyl)disulfide (17.1 g) was dissolved in 175 mL of water containing 29.30 g of 37% HCl. The resulting solution was cooled in an ice bath and a solution of 10.6 g NaNO₂ dissolved in 60 mL of water added. 100 mL of ethanol was added, and this mixture was added in one portion to a rapidly stirring slurry of carbon black pellets (225 g) in 1200 mL of water containing a small amount of ice. The slurry was stirred for 2 hours and filtered to collect the carbon black product. This product was washed with ethanol, then with water, collected by filtration, and dried at 125° C. to a constant weight.

A sample of the carbon black product which had been extracted with THF overnight and dried contained 2.55% sulfur, compared to 1.10% for the untreated black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.23 mmol/g of attached -(4-C₆H₄)—S—S-(4-C₆H₄)— groups.

Example 159 Comparative Carbon Black Products

In this comparative example, the carbon black used in Example 118-158 was washed with water, ethanol and water and subsequently dried to give the comparative carbon black product.

Example 160 Comparative Carbon Black Products

In this comparative example, the carbon black used in Examples 118-158 was used without modification and serves as the comparative carbon black product.

Use of Carbon Black Products in Rubber Formulations

The carbon black products described in Examples 118-158 can be used in a variety of elastomers. The elastomers include, but are not limited to, the following types: solution SBR, functionalized (tin coupled and/or chemically modified and/or other functional-ization) solution SBR, natural rubber, emulsion SBR, polybutadiene, and terpolymers. These elastomers may appear in rubber formulations alone or as blends.

NS 116 and NS 114 are chemically modified tin coupled solution SBRs available from Nippon Zeon, Japan. Duradene 715 is a solution SBR. Duradene is a registered trademark for SBR products available from Firestone, Akron Ohio. S 1216 is a solution SBR available from Goodyear Tire and Rubber Co., Akron Ohio. SBR-1500 is an emulsion SBR available from Copolymer Rubber and Chemical Corp., Baton Rouge, La. SL-574 is a tin coupled solution SBR available from Japan Synthetic Rubber Co. (JSR), Japan. RCT0586 and T0587 are chemically modified solution SBRs also available from JSR. Flexzone is a registered trademark for antidegradent products available from Uniroyal Chemical, Naugatuck, Conn. CBS is N-cyclohexylbenzothiazylsulfenamide, MBT is 2-mercaptobenzothiazole and DTDM is N,N′-dithiodimorpholine.

Examples 161-166

These examples illustrate the use of the carbon black products of Examples 118, 121, 122 and the comparative Example 160 in two different rubber formulations. The polymer was milled in a Brabender mixer for 1 minute at 100° C. The carbon black product or comparative carbon black was added and mixed for 3 additional minutes or until a temperature of 160° C. was reached. The mixture was then dumped and passed through an open mill 3 times. After allowing the compound to stand at room temperature for 2 hours, it was transferred back into the Brabender and mixed for 1 minute at 100° C. After 1 minute, ZnO and stearic acid were added and mixed for 2 minutes and then Flexzone 7P antidegradent was added and mixed for an additional minute or until a temperature of 160° C. was reached. The sample was then dumped, passed through an open mill 3 times and allowed to stand at room temperature for 2 hours. The sample was placed back into the Brabender and mixed for 1 minute at 100° C. The curatives were then added and mixed for 1 minute and the sample then dumped and passed through an open mill 3 times. The formulations used were selected from Table I.

The data in Table II show that carbon black products of the present invention are useful in rubber formulations. In the case where a blend of NS-116 and NS-114 was used, significant increases in 100% modulus, bound rubber, tensile strength, hardness and abrasion resistance can be obtained, as can significant decreases in Tan δ. In Duradene 715, higher modulus, hardness, and bound rubber are obtained, while tensile strength, elongation at break and 70° C. Tan δ are reduced. The magnitude of the effect depends on the specific groups attached to the carbon black product.

Examples 167-180

These examples illustrate the use of the carbon black products of Examples 121-124 and the comparative Example 160 in several different rubber formulations. With the exception of those formulations containing DTDM, rubber compounds were prepared by the method described for Examples 161-166 using formulations selected from Table I. A slight change in the mixing procedure was made for those rubber compounds containing DTDM. In this case, the samples with DTDM were mixed for 3 minutes after addition of the Flexzone 7P, after which, the mixing procedure described for Examples 161-166 was followed.

The performance data in Table III show that carbon black products according to the invention are useful in several different rubber formulations. In particular, carbon black products described in Examples 4 and 5 reduce 70° C. Tan δ when using natural rubber, SBR-1500, or Duradene 715 in the formulation. Furthermore, addition of 0.8 phr of DTDM to the rubber formulations containing carbon black products of Examples 4 and 5 gives vulcanizates with higher hardness, modulus, and bound rubber, relative to the formulation without DTDM. It also results in lower elongation and 70° C. Tan δ and, in general, gives greater tensile strength and improved abrasion resistance.

Examples 181-188

These examples illustrate the use of the carbon black products of Examples 120, 126, 139 and 140 and the comparative Example 160 in several different rubber formulations. The rubber compounds were prepared by the method described for Examples 161-166 using formulations selected Table I.

The performance data in Table IV show that carbon black products according to the invention are useful in several different rubber formulations. Specifically, in a blend of NS-116 and NS-114, use of carbon black products from Examples 120, 126, 139 amd 140 gave increased bound rubber and significant reductions in 70° C. Tan δ. In Duradene, carbon black products described in Examples 9 and 23 are especially useful in reducing 70° C. Tan δ.

Examples 189-196

These examples illustrate the use of the carbon black products of Examples 123, 127, 134 and 136 and the comparative Example 159 in several different rubber formulations. The rubber compounds were prepared by the following method using formulations selected from Table I.

The polymer was milled in a Brabender mixer for 1 minute at 100° C. A mixture of ZnO and the carbon black product or comparative carbon black was added and mixed for 2 additional minutes. The stearic acid and Flexzone 7P antidegradent were added and mixed for 2 additional minutes. The sample was dumped and passed through an open mill 3 times. The sample was allowed to cool and then transferred back into the Brabender mixer and mixed for 1 minute at 100° C. The curative package was then added, mixing continued for 1 minute, and the sample dumped then passed through a open mill 3 times.

Table V shows that these carbon black products are useful in several rubber formulations including functionalized and unfunctionalized solution SBRs. Furthermore, use of carbon black product described in Example 123 in S-1216, Duradene 715, and NS-116 results in lower 70° C. Tan 6 values as well as increased bound rubber. When compounded with NS-114, the carbon black product from Example 127 gave higher modulus, bound rubber and abrasion resistance, lower elongation and 70° C. Tan δ, and equal tensile strength and hardness.

Examples 197-200

These examples illustrate the use of the carbon black products of Examples 129 and 135 and the comparative Example 160 in two different rubber formulations. The rubber compounds were prepared by the the method described in Examples 189-196 using formulations selected from Table I.

Table VI shows that these carbon black products are useful in these rubber formulations using functionalized or unfunctionalized solution SBRs. When using a blend of NS-116 and NS-114, increases in modulus, hardness, and bound rubber were observed. Sizable decreases in 70° C. Tan δ and elongation are also seen. In Duradene 715, modulus was increased while tensile strength, elongation at break, and 70° C. Tan δ are all substantially reduced.

Examples 201-205

These examples illustrate the use of the carbon black products of Example 155 and the comparative Example 160 in different rubber formulations. The rubber compounds were prepared by the the method described in Examples 189-196 using formulations selected from Table I.

Table VII shows that this carbon black product was useful in a number of rubber formulations, specifically formulations that contained NR, emulsion SBR, or a functionalized solution SBRs selected from SL-574, RCTO-586, or TO-587.

Examples 206-215

These examples illustrate the use of the carbon black products of Examples 154-158 and the comparative Example 159 in two rubber formulations. The rubber compounds were prepared by the the method described in Examples 189-196 using formulations selected from Table I.

As can be seen by inspection of the data in Table VIII below, a wide range of treatment levels as exemplified by the carbon black products in Examples 154-158 can have an impact on rubber performance properties.

Examples 216-221

These examples illustrate the use of the carbon black products of Examples 137, 138, and 141 and the comparative Example 160 in two rubber formulations. The rubber compounds were prepared by the the method described in Examples 161-166 using formulations selected from Table I.

Table IX shows that these carbon black products were useful in several rubber formulations including functionalized and unfunctionalized solution SBRs. In particular, the carbon black products in Examples 137, 138, and 141 all showed lower 70° C. Tan δ values as well as increased bound rubber in both rubber systems. In addition, the products in Example 137 and 138 also showed improvements in abrasion resistance.

Examples 222-235

These examples illustrate the use of the carbon black products of Examples 142-147 and the comparative Example 160 in three rubber formulations. The rubber compounds were prepared by the the method described in Examples 161-166 using formulations selected from Table I.

Table X shows that these carbon black products were useful in the rubber formulations studied. In particular, all of the blacks studied showed reductions in 70° C. Tan δ values and increased bound rubber in both functionalized and unfunctionalized solution SBRs with comparable hardness. Comparable hardness and 70° C. Tan δ values were found in natural rubber, with the carbon black product of Example 146 showing the greatest reduction in Tan δ.

Examples 236-246

These examples illustrate the use of the carbon black products of Examples 148-153 and the comparative Example 160 in two rubber formulations. The rubber compounds were prepared by the the method described in Examples 161-166 using formulations selected from Table I.

Table XI shows that these carbon black products were useful in rubber formu-lations. For example, when the carbon black products of Example 148, 149, and 153 were compounded in Duradene 715 or a 70/30 blend of NS-116 and NS-114, in general, abrasion resistance is either unchanged or improved while 70° C. Tan δ values were reduced.

Examples 247-262

These examples illustrate the use of the carbon black products of Examples 119, 125, 128 and 130-133 and the comparative Example 160 in various rubber formulations. The rubber compounds were prepared by the the method described in Examples 161-166 using formulations selected from Table I.

Table XII shows that these carbon black products were useful in rubber formu-lations. For example, when the carbon black product of Example 119 was compounded with Duradene 715, SBR-1500, or a blend of NS-116 and NS-114, abrasion resistance was improved while 70° C. Tan δ values were reduced and the percentage of bound rubber increased. Use of carbon black products from Examples 130-133 in Duradene 715 and Natural Rubber showed that a wide range of carbon black treatment levels of this type can have an impact on rubber performance properties.

Example 263 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

Ten grams of a carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 m2/g was added to a stirring solution of 3.06 g of 3-amino-N-ethylpyridinium bromide in 72 g of water. Concentrated nitric acid (1.62 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred and heated to about 70° C. A solution of 1.07 g NaNO₂ in about 5 g of water was added over a few minutes. The diazonium salt N₂C₅H₄N(C₂H₅)⁺⁺ was formed in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. After the reaction mixture was stirred for one hour, the sample was dried in an oven at 125°. The product had a mean volume particle size of 0.18 microns. The product had attached 3-C₅H₄N(C₂H₅)⁺ groups.

Example 264 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

3-Amino-N-methylpyridinium iodide (3.92 g) was dissolved in 70 g of water. A solution of 2.58 g AgNO₃ in 6 g of water was added. After stirring for 15 minutes, the precipitate was removed by filtration and 10 g of a carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 m2/g was added. Concentrated nitric acid (1.62 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred and heated to about 70°. A solution of 1.07 g NaNO₂ in about 5 g of water was added over a few minutes. The diazonium salt N₂C₅H₄CH₂N(CH₃)⁺⁺ was formed in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. Bubbles were released. After the reaction mixture was stirred for about 40 minutes at 70° and then boiled for about 15 minutes. The sample was dried in an oven at 125°. The product had a mean volume particle size of 0.23 microns. The product had a 325 mesh residue of 0.0% compared to 94% for the untreated carbon black. The product had attached 3-C₅H₄N(CH₃)⁺ groups.

Example 265 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

Fifty grams of benzyltrimethylammonium chloride was added over 25 minutes to cold 90% nitric acid. The mixture was kept below 10° C. for five hours. Ice (500 g) was added, and the mixture was neutralized with KOH. The precipitate was removed by filtration. Ethanol (1 L) was added and the mixture was filtered again. 3-Nitrobenzyltrimethylammonium nitrate was recovered from the filtrate. This material was 75% pure by NMR. A mixture of 10 g of 3-Nitrobenzyltrimethylammonium nitrate, 14 g Fe filings, 2 g of concentrated HCl and 400 g of water was boiled for 2.5 hr. The mixture was neutralized with KOH and filtered to give an aqueous solution of 3-aminobenzyltrimethylammonium nitrate/chloride.

Fourteen grams of carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 m2/g was added to a stirring solution of 3.06 g of 3-aminobenzyltrimethylammonium nitrate/chloride in 72 g of water. Concentrated nitric acid (1.62 g) was added, and the mixture was stirred and heated to about 70° C. A solution of 1.07 g NaNO₂ in about 5 g of water was added over a few minutes. The diazonium salt 3-N₂C₆H₄N(CH₃)⁺⁺ was formed in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. After the reaction mixture was stirred for one hour, the sample was dried in an oven at 125° C. The product had a mean volume particle size of 0.18 microns. The product had attached 3-N₂C₆H₄CH₂N(CH₃)₃ ⁺ groups.

Example 266 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

Silver nitrite (30.9 g) was added to a solution of 41.4 g of N-(4-aminophenyl)pyridinium chloride in 700 g of water and the mixture was stirred at 70′ for 1½ hours. The mixture was filtered and 200 g of a carbon black with a surface area of 200 m2/g and a DBPA of 122 mL/100 g was added. An additional one liter of water and 20 g of concentrated HCl were added. The diazonium salt N₂C₆H₄NC₅H₅ ⁺⁺ was formed in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. Bubbles were released. The dispersion was stirred at 70-80 for 2½ hours and then dried in an oven at 125° C. The product had attached C₆H₄NC₅H₅ ⁺ groups.

Example 267 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

In a modification of a procedure from U.S. Pat. No. 2,821,526, a mixture of 250 g p-acetaminophenacyl chloride, 65 g of trimethylamine and about 600 g of water was stirred for three days at room temperature. An additional 5 g of trimethylamine in 15 g water was added and the mixture was heated at 60° for two hours. After cooling and filtering, 201 g concentrated HCl was added and the solution was boiled for an hour. After cooling, 4 L of acetone was added and 4-aminophenacyltrimethylammonium chloride hydrochloride was collected as a solid. 4-Aminophenacyltrimethylammonium chloride hydrochloride (10.1 g) was suspended in 50 mL of ethanol. After addition of 4.1 g triethylamine, the mixture was stirred for 40 minutes and heated at reflux for one hour. 4-Aminophenacyl-trimethylammonium chloride was collected by filtration and washed with ethanol.

4-Aminophenacyltrimethylammonium chloride (2.51 g) was dissolved in water. Silver nitrite (1.69 g) was added, and the mixture was heated at 70° for one hour. After filtering off the precipitate, 10 g of a carbon black with a surface area of 230 m2/g and a DBPA of 70 mL/100 g was added. Water was added to bring the volume up to about 100 mL. Concentrated HCl (1.1 g) was added and the dispersion was heated with stirring at 70° for one hour. The diazonium salt N₂C₆H₄COCH₂N(CH₃)₃ ⁺⁺ was formed in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. Bubbles were released. The product had attached C₆H₄COCH₂N(CH₃)₃ ⁺ groups.

Example 268 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

A solution of 2.12 g of 4-acetaminophenacyl chloride, 0.83 g of pyridine and 6.4 g of dimethylsulfoxide was stirred overnight. After addition of an additional 0.8 g of pyridine and 1 g of dimethylsulfoxide, the solution was stirred an additional 5 hours. Ether (50 mL) was added, and acetamidophenacylpyridinium chloride was collected by filtration. The acetamidophenacylpyridinium chloride was dissolved in water, the solution filtered and 1.7 g concentrated HCl was added. After boiling for one hour, the solution was cooled, acetone was added, and 4-aminophenacylpyridinium chloride hydrochloride was collected by filtration. Two grams of 4-aminophenacylpyridinium chloride hydrochloride was dissolved in 15 g water and 4.5 g of a basic ion exchange resin (Amberlite IRA400-OH) was added. After stirring, the resin was removed by filtration and 4-aminophenacylpyridinium chloride was collected as an aqueous solution.

A solution of 1.3 g of 4-aminophenacylpyridinium chloride in 25 g of water was heated at reflux with 1 g silver nitrite for about 90 minutes. The precipitate was removed by filtration. Five grams of a carbon black with a surface area of 200 m2/g and a DBPA of 122 mL/100 g were added and the mixture was heated to about 80″. Concentrated HCl (0.52 g) was added and the dispersion was stirred an additional 1½ hours. The diazonium salt N₂C₆H₄COCH₂(NC₅H₅)⁺⁺ was formed in situ, which reacted with the carbon black. The product had attached C₆H₄COCH₂(NC₅H₅)⁺ groups. TABLE I Rubber Formulations Formulation A B C D E F G H I J K L M N NS-116 100 80 70 NS-114 100 20 30 Duradene 715 100 100 Natural Rubber 100 100 SBR-1500 100 100 S-1216 100 SL-574 100 RCTO-586 100 TO-587 100 CB Product or 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 50 Comparative DTDM 0.8 0.8 0.8 ZnO 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 3 Stearic Acid 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 2 Flexzone 7P 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 1 CBS 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 1.25 MBT 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 0.2 Sulfur 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 1.75 Total 159.2 159.2 159.2 159.2 159.2 160 159.2 160 159.2 160 159.2 159.2 159.2 159.2

TABLE II Carbon 100% 300% Abrader Abrader Black Modulus Modulus Tensile Hardness Bound Tan_δ Tan_δ Index Index Ex. Prod. Form. Mpa Mpa Mpa Elong. Shore A Rubber 0° C. 70° C. 14% Slip 21% Slip 161 118 D 4.41 21.38 21.54 305 74 44 0.640 0.126 124 153 162 121 D 4.14 — 20.96 278 73 54.7 0.642 0.106 137 189 163 122 D 4.18 20.01 20.72 309 74 44.3 0.634 0.117 108 139 Comp. 160 D 3.69 — 14.34 257 71 35.7 0.613 0.160 100 100 164 118 E 4.20 — 15.07 242 74 46.8 0.455 0.142 81 106 165 121 E 5.66 — 15.62 214 77 53.8 0.439 0.135 75 107 166 122 E 4.10 — 14.98 254 74 46.7 0.416 0.135 73 106 Comp. 160 E 2.89 15.14 24.02 435 70 45.4 0.414 0.178 100 100

TABLE III Carbon 100% 300% Abrader Abrader Black Modulus Modulus Tensile Hardness Bound Tan_δ Tan_δ Index Index Ex. Prod. Form. Mpa Mpa Mpa Elong. Shore A Rubber 0° C. 70° C. 14% Slip 21% Slip 167 121 G 3.66 18.21 27.59 472 69 48.0 0.235 0.121 104 101 168 121 H 3.87 19.32 28.16 436 71 51.9 0.210 0.102 100 115 169 122 G 3.47 16.60 28.94 516 70 46.0 0.249 0.111 87 90 170 123 H 3.16 15.57 28.30 518 70 42.6 0.241 0.146 91 90 171 124 G 3.55 16.75 29.67 519 71 42.4 0.244 0.155 102 96 Comp. 160 G 3.55 17.87 29.56 489 70 47.3 0.257 0.123 100 100 172 121 I 3.42 18.82 25.11 386 72 40.7 0.297 0.159 107 116 173 121 J 3.90 21.38 22.72 316 74 46.9 0.281 0.143 105 140 174 122 I 3.09 15.41 25.73 464 73 37.2 0.294 0.173 91 114 175 122 J 3.85 20.57 21.07 317 74 45.2 0.275 0.135 98 127 176 124 I 3.98 18.60 22.40 354 73 35.7 0.279 0.172 90 103 Comp. 160 I 2.91 15.76 25.36 438 70 34.7 0.322 0.180 100 100 177 121 E 4.62 — 14.57 283 77 44.1 0.365 0.135 66 108 178 121 F 4.11 — 16.15 241 74 49.8 0.458 0.130 104 130 179 122 E 3.89 — 16.72 287 74 43.5 0.410 0.140 79 117 180 122 F 4.26 — 16.91 257 75 46.3 0.406 0.127 94 139 Comp. 160 E 3.17 16.88 20.52 350 72 39.6 0.421 0.161 100 100

TABLE IV Carbon 100% 300% Abrader Abrader Black Modulus Modulus Tensile Hardness Bound Tan_δ Tan_δ Index Index Ex. Prod. Form. Mpa Mpa Mpa Elong. Shore A Rubber 0° C. 70° C. 14% Slip 21% Slip 181 120 D 3.68 — 16.32 278 73 45.3 0.640 0.135 80 93 182 126 D 3.16 16.20 19.55 349 73 55.8 0.630 0.122 87 94 183 139 D 3.56 15.87 18.09 334 74 47.1 0.648 0.124 98 81 184 140 D 3.02 15.13 19.97 373 72 46.3 0.662 0.135 103 95 Comp. 160 D 3.60 16.88 20.58 354 75 39.9 0.622 0.166 100 100 185 120 E 3.03 14.74 16.92 334 74 45.7 0.459 0.162 99 94 186 126 E 3.87 — 12.84 238 75 49.9 0.460 0.146 84 120 187 139 E 3.30 — 14.76 296 75 46.4 0.396 0.137 63 100 188 140 E 2.41 11.60 18.34 428 72 45.5 0.409 0.170 70 101 Comp. 160 E 3.15 — 15.06 283 73 44.1 0.468 0.163 100 100

TABLE V Carbon 100% 300% Abrader Abrader Black Modulus Modulus Tensile Hardness Bound Tan_δ Tan_δ Index Index Ex. Prod. Form. Mpa Mpa Mpa Elong. Shore A Rubber 0° C. 70° C. 14% Slip 21% Slip 189 123 K 4.85 18.31 18.56 312 65 30.2 0.373 0.168 85 99 190 134 K 3.87 15.50 20.65 383 64 25.8 0.395 0.177 89 66 Comp. 159 K 4.01 17.03 19.64 336 62 27.3 0.450 0.176 100 100 191 123 E 4.25 — 15.07 260 62 32.3 0.375 0.175 88 110 192 134 E 4.61 18.50 21.80 349 60 29.4 0.401 0.198 90 91 Comp. 159 E 4.96 19.73 20.66 315 59 30.7 0.430 0.194 100 100 193 123 B 3.62 — 23.33 386 69 30.86 0.278 0.141 92 104 Comp. 159 B 3.42 — 23.41 402 69 28.36 0.297 0.146 100 100 194 127 B 4.04 — 18.52 294 60 35 0.289 0.137 110 113 Comp. 159 B 3.25 14.09 18.36 385 60 28.1 0.327 0.173 100 100 195 136 B 3.61 — 20.94 447 62 27.7 — 0.165 59 79 Comp. 159 B 3.53 — 22.08 387 63 24.2 — 0.157 100 100 196 136 E 5.10 — 15.57 284 63 26.3 — 0.171 41 74 Comp. 159 E 4.54 — 20.56 316 63 21.4 — 0.179 100 100

TABLE VI Carbon 100% 300% Abrader Abrader Black Modulus Modulus Tensile Hardness Bound Tan_δ Tan_δ Index Index Ex. Prod. Form. Mpa Mpa Mpa Elong. Shore A Rubber 0° C. 70° C. 14% Slip 21% Slip 197 129 C 3.29 14.57 19.99 389 75 37.7 0.665 0.142 90 116 198 135 C 3.01 13.66 18.03 372 75 43.2 0.648 0.141 89 106 Comp. 160 C 2.85 12.78 19.13 408 74 32.8 0.668 0.173 100 100 199 129 E 3.24 — 12.90 272 77 36.1 0.405 0.162 80 117 200 135 E 4.36 — 11.08 239 79 31.0 0.379 0.165 49 81 Comp. 160 E 2.80 13.65 22.23 447 75 33.9 0.448 0.178 100 100

TABLE VII Carbon 100% 300% Abrader Abrader Black Modulus Modulus Tensile Hardness Bound Tan_δ Tan_δ Index Index Ex. Prod. Form. Mpa Mpa Mpa Elong. Shore A Rubber 0° C. 70° C. 14% Slip 21% Slip 201 155 I 3.56 14.91 23.63 468 74 33.8 0.291 0.192 83 85 Comp. 160 I 3.40 15.57 26.95 492 74 34.2 0.327 0.201 100 100 202 155 G 2.77 14.19 30.13 567 72 34.1 0.239 0.129 87 84 Comp. 160 G 3.76 17.91 31.15 504 72 43.2 0.241 0.117 100 100 203 155 L 3.77 13.36 19.14 325 75 39.1 0.273 0.124 92 114 Comp. 160 L 2.96 13.39 21.22 430 73 37.3 0.300 0.149 100 100 204 155 M 3.23 10.31 14.09 420 74 17.9 0.790 0.179 68 73 Comp. 160 M 2.61 9.50 17.64 525 71 17.5 0.819 0.246 100 100 205 155 N 3.22 13.19 23.12 536 78 33 0.332 0.185 104 103 Comp. 160 N 3.83 15.06 19.54 408 80 27.1 0.354 0.225 100 100

TABLE VIII Carbon 100% 300% Abrader Abrader Black Modulus Modulus Tensile Hardness Bound Tan_δ Tan_δ Index Index Ex. Prod. Form. Mpa Mpa Mpa Elong. Shore A Rubber 0° C. 70° C. 14% Slip 21% Slip 206 154 A 4.08 17.75 22.13 362 63 37.5 0.792 0.173 101 134 207 155 A 3.95 16.96 22.13 376 63 37.5 0.814 0.178 95 150 208 156 A 3.74 15.15 15.66 300 62 41.1 0.785 0.149 86 152 209 157 A 4.02 — 14.59 290 62 37.2 0.776 0.150 72 141 210 158 A 3.46 — 16.42 357 61 32.8 0.783 0.180 84 130 Comp. 159 A 3.76 15.25 19.94 375 67 24.6 0.777 0.233 100 100 211 154 E 6.08 — 14.39 212 63 30.7 0.377 0.160 71 128 212 155 E 6.78 — 12.30 178 66 24.9 0.325 0.148 51 91 213 156 E 6.28 — 11.10 175 66 25.2 0.322 0.156 54 100 214 157 E 5.90 — 10.62 187 68 23.4 0.309 0.166 47 83 215 158 E 5.95 — 11.06 190 66 27.0 0.315 0.168 53 91 Comp. 159 E 4.96 19.73 20.66 315 59 30.7 0.430 0.194 100 100

TABLE IX Carbon 100% 300% Abrader Abrader Black Modulus Modulus Tensile Hardness Bound Tan_δ Tan_δ Index Index Ex. Prod. Form. Mpa Mpa Mpa Elong. Shore A Rubber 0° C. 70° C. 14% Slip 21% Slip 216 137 D 4.21 22.24 23.04 310 73 44.3 0.591 0.127 94 111 217 138 D 4.11 21.64 26.69 323 74 44.0 0.670 0.123 99 111 Comp. 160 D 4.14 — 17.62 268 74 37.5 0.615 0.141 100 100 218 141 D 3.98 18.90 19.23 305 73 44.9 0.611 0.118 94 80 Comp. 160 D 4.05 19.56 22.38 337 72 38.3 0.586 0.142 100 100 219 137 E 3.81 — 16.55 251 73 46.3 0.450 0.135 127 141 220 138 E 4.00 — 16.16 241 74 46.1 0.440 0.138 114 131 Comp. 160 E 3.74 — 17.56 272 73 39.7 0.312 0.157 100 100 221 141 E 4.06 — 13.38 260 75 43.5 0.378 0.158 61 75 Comp. 160 E 3.30 17.38 20.65 344 71 42.5 0.481 0.163 100 100

TABLE X Carbon 100% 300% Abrader Abrader Black Modulus Modulus Tensile Hardness Bound Tan_δ Tan_δ Index Index Ex. Prod. Form. Mpa Mpa Mpa Elong. Shore A Rubber 0° C. 70° C. 14% Slip 21% Slip 222 142 E 3.82 18.49 19.75 319 73 42.7 0.488 0.152 76 101 223 143 E 3.49 16.70 18.96 332 73 42.2 0.466 0.164 77 108 224 144 E 3.57 17.49 18.68 316 73 42.4 0.477 0.150 66 120 225 145 E 3.35 17.23 18.56 328 73 41.6 0.531 0.160 64 97 Comp. 160 E 3.21 16.19 21.51 377 72 41.2 0.494 0.169 100 100 226 142 D 3.68 18.53 22.54 353 72 41.8 0.650 0.118 81 99 227 143 D 3.62 17.85 22.62 366 72 43.1 0.664 0.134 89 108 228 144 D 3.68 — 13.36 239 72 44.4 0.655 0.125 96 105 229 145 D 3.92 — 15.80 259 72 42.9 0.678 0.126 81 99 230 146 D 3.72 18.91 22.08 340 72 43.7 0.860 0.128 84 104 231 147 D 3.87 — 17.90 285 72 45.1 0.643 0.119 84 109 Comp. 160 D 3.73 17.51 20.16 336 73 40.0 0.682 0.155 100 100 232 142 G 3.47 16.49 27.76 489 70 43.3 0.281 0.148 74 86 233 145 G 3.44 16.45 27.80 495 70 43.8 0.251 0.145 74 46 234 146 G 3.44 16.57 27.53 488 70 44.0 0.248 0.139 72 85 235 147 G 3.89 17.81 28.28 478 71 44.4 0.267 0.156 76 92 Comp. 160 G 3.88 18.40 28.78 470 71 49.1 0.262 0.146 100 100

TABLE XI Carbon 100% 300% Abrader Abrader Black Modulus Modulus Tensile Hardness Bound Tan_δ Tan_δ Index Index Ex. Prod. Form. Mpa Mpa Mpa Elong. Shore A Rubber 0° C. 70° C. 14% Slip 21% Slip 236 148 D 3.65 18.36 21.30 339 73 43.6 0.603 0.122 120 101 237 149 D 3.60 — 17.24 287 73 43.7 0.635 0.124 120 114 238 150 D 3.67 — 15.47 280 73 36.7 0.647 0.120 85 76 239 151 D 3.74 17.65 20.99 348 73 38.9 0.618 0.149 133 115 240 152 D 3.36 16.50 20.77 358 73 40.1 0.651 0.148 117 94 241 153 D 3.83 — 16.08 263 73 51.0 0.589 0.111 104 108 Comp. 160 D 3.76 18.94 20.39 318 73 38.4 0.624 0.138 100 100 242 148 E 3.52 15.21 15.87 266 73 49.3 0.430 0.136 93 134 243 149 E 3.18 — 15.40 280 73 46.5 0.431 0.145 104 113 244 150 E 3.48 — 15:57 292 73 38.4 0.412 0.140 68 95 245 151 E 2.81 14.35 19.54 382 71 43.5 0.446 0.172 95 112 246 153 E 4.96 — 10.63 173 78 39.8 0.406 0.136 53 100 Comp. 160 E 2.79 — 12.87 261 70 45.6 0.462 0.164 100 100

TABLE XII Carbon 100% 300% Abrader Abrader Black Modulus Modulus Tensile Hardness Bound Tan_δ Tan_δ Index Index Ex. Prod. Form. Mpa Mpa Mpa Elong. Shore A Rubber 0° C. 70° C. 14% Slip 21% Slip 247 119 E 3.63 — 14.43 246 74 46.1 0.439 0.142 107 126 248 125 E 3.06 16.33 19.15 342 72 40.2 0.446 0.150 111 102 249 130 E 4.38 — 14.69 247 76 42.0 0.439 0.134 75 105 250 131 E 3.93 — 17.69 289 74 43.2 0.389 0.136 88 107 251 132 E 4.17 — 16.88 266 74 47.4 0.460 0.136 101 177 252 133 E 3.52 — 19.18 318 73 43.3 0.475 0.142 103 105 Comp. 160 E 3.26 17.08 22.91 383 71 38.6 0.439 0.164 100 100 253 119 D 3.70 — 19.08 299 73 45.6 0.691 0.127 109 133 254 128 D 3.88 18.01 20.4 333 74 39.4 0.462 0.129 77 110 Comp. 160 D 3.41 17.06 20.35 344 73 37.6 0.622 0.152 100 100 255 119 I 3.38 18.8 22.68 350 72 41.1 0.272 0.151 113 114 256 130 I 3.55 16.93 23.73 396 71 37.2 0.293 0.169 104 111 Comp. 160 I 3.09 16.08 23.46 407 71 34.7 0.327 0.179 100 100 257 119 G 3.56 17.13 29.20 505 71 37.9 0.256 0.132 96 105 258 125 G 3.21 15.94 28.87 529 69 37.9 0.249 0.139 92 92 259 130 G 3.27 16.55 27.70 505 69 41.5 0.233 0.115 97 106 260 131 G 3.20 16.58 29.30 509 69 42.0 0.236 0.123 103 110 261 132 G 3.32 16.65 26.82 485 70 43.6 0.250 0.153 103 108 262 133 G 3.19 16.36 28.72 508 69 42.4 0.251 0.128 93 93 Comp. 160 G 3.57 18.29 28.09 472 70 41.7 0.252 0.127 100 100

Example 269 Preparation of a Carbon Black Product

A cold solution of 3.56 g NaNO₂ in water was added to a solution of 10.2 g 4,4′-methylenedianiline, 140 g of water and 19.7 g of concentrated HCl that was stirring in an ice bath. After stirring for about 15 minutes, the resulting solution of the diazonium salt was added to a suspension of 200 g of a carbon black in 1.6 L of water that was stirring at room temperature. The carbon black had a surface area of 55 m2/g and DBPA of 46 mL/100 g. After stirring for 1½ hours, the mixture was neutralized with NaOH and filtered. The carbon black product was washed with water and dried in an oven at 125° C. The carbon black product contained 0.332% nitrogen after Soxhlet extraction overnight with THF, compared to 0.081% nitrogen for the untreated carbon black. Therefore, the carbon black product had 0.18 mmol/g of attached C₆H₄CH₂C₆H₄NH₂ groups. 

1. A process for preparing a carbon black product having an organic group attached to the carbon black comprising the step of: reacting at least one diazonium salt with a carbon black in the absence of an externally applied electric current sufficient to reduce the diazonium salt.
 2. A process of claim 1 wherein the reacting step is carried out in an aprotic medium.
 3. A process of claim 1 wherein the reacting step is carried out in a protic medium.
 4. A process of claim 1 wherein the diazonium salt is generated in situ.
 5. A process for preparing a carbon black product having an organic group attached to the carbon black comprising the step of: reacting at least one diazonium salt with a carbon black in a protic reaction medium.
 6. A process of claim 5 wherein the diazonium salt is generated in situ from a primary amine.
 7. A process of claim 6 wherein the diazonium salt is generated in situ by reacting the primary amine, at least one nitrite and at least one acid.
 8. A process of claim 7 wherein the nitrite is a metal nitrite, and the acid and amine are present in a one to one molar ratio.
 9. A process of claim 6 wherein the diazonium salt is generated in situ by reacting the primary amine with a nitrite and the primary amine contains a strong acid group.
 10. A process of claim 9 wherein the primary amine is para-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (sulfanilic acid).
 11. A process of claim 6 wherein the diazonium salt is generated in situ by reacting the primary amine with an aqueous solution of nitrogen dioxide.
 12. A process of claim 6 wherein the protic medium is an aqueous medium, and the primary amine is an amine of the formula A_(y)ArNH₂, in which: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of R, OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, halogen, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃— salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; wherein k is an integer from 1 to 8; X— is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 13. A process of claim 12 wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, biphenyl, and pyridyl; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of R, OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, COOLi, COONa, COOK, COO⁻NR₄ ⁺, halogen, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, SO₃Li, SO₃Na, SO₃K, SO₃ ⁻NR₄ ⁺, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, PO₃H₂, PO₃HNa, PO₃Na₂, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R is hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; wherein k is an integer from 1 to 8; X— is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and y is an integer from 1 to 5 when Ar is phenyl, 1 to 7 when Ar is naphthyl, 1 to 9 when Ar is anthryl, phenanthryl, or biphenyl, and 1 to 4 when Ar is pyridyl.
 14. A process of claim 12, wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, and benzothiadiazolyl; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of S_(k)R, SSO₃H, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), and 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; y is an integer from 1-5 when Ar is phenyl, 1-4 when Ar is benzothiazolyl, and 1-3 when Ar is benzothiadiazolyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 15. A process of claim 12, wherein R and R′are selected from NH₂—C₆H₄, CH₂CH₂—C₆H₄—NH₂, CH₂—C₆H₄—NH₂, and C₆H₅.
 16. A process of claim 12, wherein A is (CH₂)_(q)S_(k)(CH₂)_(r)Ar, where k is an integer from 1 to 8, q is an integer from 0 to 4, r is an integer from 0-4, and Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group.
 17. A process of claim 6 wherein the primary amine is an aminobenzenesulfonic acid or a salt thereof, an aminobenzenecarboxylic acid or a salt thereof, or bis-para-H₂N—(C₆H₄)—S_(k)—(C₆H₄)—NH₂ wherein k is an integer from 2 to
 8. 18. A process of claim 17 wherein the primary amine is para-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (sulfanilic acid).
 19. A process of claim 17, wherein the primary amine is bis-para-H₂N—(C₆H₄)—S_(k)—(C₆H₄)—NH₂ and k is 2, (para-aminophenyldisulfide).
 20. A process of claim 6 wherein the primary amine is H₂NArS_(k)Ar′, where k is an integer from 2 to 4, Ar is phenylene, and Ar′ is benzothiazolyl.
 21. A process of claim 6 wherein the primary amine is H₂NArS_(k)ArNH₂, where k is an integer from 2 to 4 and Ar is benzothiazolylene.
 22. A process of claim 21 wherein k is
 2. 23. A process of claim 6 wherein the primary amine is H₂NArSH, where Ar is phenylene or benzothiazolylene.
 24. A process of claim 5 wherein the diazonium salt is generated in situ.
 25. A process of claim 5 wherein the diazonium salt is generated from a primary amine separately from the reacting step.
 26. A process of claim 25 wherein the protic medium is an aqueous medium, and the primary amine is an amine of the formula A_(y)ArNH₂, in which: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of R, OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, halogen, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; wherein k is an integer from 1 to 8; X— is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)₂, (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 27. A process of claim 25 wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, biphenyl, and pyridyl; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of R, OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, COOLi, COONa, COOK, COO⁻NR₄ ⁺, halogen, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, SO₃Li, SO₃Na, SO₃K, SO₃ ⁻NR₄ ⁺, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, PO₃H₂, PO₃HNa, PO₃Na₂, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R is hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; wherein k is an integer from 1 to 8; X— is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and y is an integer from 1 to 5 when Ar is phenyl, 1 to 7 when Ar is naphthyl, 1 to 9 when Ar is anthryl, phenanthryl, or biphenyl, and 1 to 4 when Ar is pyridyl.
 28. A process of claim 25, wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, and benzothiadiazolyl; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of S_(k)R, SSO₃H, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), and 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R and R′; which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; y is an integer from 1-5 when Ar is phenyl, 1-4 when Ar is benzothiazolyl, and 1-3 when Ar is benzothiadiazolyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 29. A process of claim 26, wherein R and R′ are selected from NH₂—C₆H₄, CH₂CH₂—C₆H₄—NH₂, CH₂—C₆H₄—NH₂, and C₆H₅.
 30. A process of claim 26, wherein A is (CH₂)_(q)S_(k)(CH₂)_(r)Ar, where k is an integer from 1 to 8, q is an integer from 0 to 4, r is an integer from 0-4, and Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted aryl or heteroaryl group.
 31. A process of claim 25 wherein the primary amine is an aminobenzenesulfonic acid or a salt thereof, an aminobenzenecarboxylic acid or a salt thereof, or bis-para-H₂N—(C₆H₄)—S_(k)—(C₆H₄)—NH₂ wherein k is an integer from 2 to
 8. 32. A process of claim 31 wherein the primary amine is para-aminobenzenesulfonic acid (sulfanilic acid).
 33. A process of claim 31 wherein the primary amine is bis-para-H₂N—(C₆H₄)—S_(k)—(C₆H₄)—NH₂ and k is 2, (para-aminophenyldisulfide).
 34. A process of claim 25 wherein the primary amine is H₂NArS_(k)Ar′, where k is an integer from 2 to 4, Ar is phenylene, and Ar in benzothiazolyl.
 35. A process of claim 25 wherein the primary amine is H₂NArS_(k)ArNH₂, where k is an integer from 2 to 4 and Ar is benzothiazolylene.
 36. A process of claim 25 wherein the primary amine is H₂NArSH, where Ar is phenylene or benzothiazolylene.
 37. A process of claim 5 wherein the protic reaction medium is an aqueous medium.
 38. A process of claim 37 wherein the organic group of the diazonium salt is substituted or unsubstituted and is selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic group, a cyclic organic group, or an organic compound having an aliphatic portion and a cyclic portion.
 39. A process of claim 5 wherein the protic reaction medium is water.
 40. A process of claim 5 wherein the protic medium is an alcohol-based medium.
 41. A carbon black product prepared according to the process of claim
 1. 42. A carbon black product prepared according to the process of claim
 5. 43. A carbon black product prepared according to the process of claim
 12. 44. A carbon black product prepared according to the process of claim
 13. 45. A carbon black product prepared according to the process of claim
 14. 46. A carbon black product of claim 42 wherein the organic group is substituted or unsubstituted and is selected from the group consisting of an aliphatic group, a cyclic organic group, or an organic group having an aliphatic portion and a cyclic portion.
 47. A carbon black product of claim 42 wherein the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted aromatic group.
 48. A carbon black product of claim 47 wherein an aromatic ring of the aromatic group is an aryl group.
 49. A carbon black product of claim 47 wherein an aromatic ring of the aromatic group is a heteroaryl group.
 50. A carbon black product of claim 47 wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, wherein: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of R, OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, halogen, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene; wherein k is an integer from 1 to 8; X— is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 51. A carbon black product of claim 50, wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, biphenyl, and pyridyl; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of R, OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, COOLi, COONa, COOK, COO⁻NR₄ ⁺, halogen, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, SO₃Li, SO₃Na, SO₃K, SO₃ ⁻NR₄ ⁺, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, PO₃H₂, PO₃HNa, PO₃Na₂, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R is hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl or arylene; wherein k is an integer from 1 to 8; X— is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and y is an integer from 1 to to 5 when Ar is phenyl, 1 to 7 when Ar is naphthyl, 1 to 9 when Ar is anthryl, phenanthryl, or biphenyl, and 1 to 4 when Ar is pyridyl.
 52. A carbon black product of claim 50, wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, benzothiazolyl, and benzothiadiazolyl; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of S_(k)R, SSO₃H, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), and 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene; y is an integer from 1-5 when Ar is phenyl, 1-7 when Ar is naphthyl, 1-4 when Ar is benzothiazolyl, and 1-3 when Ar is benzothiadiazolyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 53. A carbon black product of claim 42 wherein said aromatic group is phenyl or naphthyl.
 54. A carbon black product of claim 47 wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, wherein: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃— salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene; wherein k is an integer from 1 to 8; X— is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 55. A carbon black product of claim 54, wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, biphenyl, and pyridyl; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, COOLi, COONa, COOK, COO⁻NR₄ ⁺, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, SO₃Li, SO₃Na, SO₃K, SO₃ ⁻NR⁺, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, PO₃H₂, PO₃HNa, PO₃Na₂, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R is hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl or arylene; wherein k is an integer from 1 to 8; X— is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and y is an integer from 1 to to 5 when Ar is phenyl, 1 to 7 when Ar is naphthyl, 1 to 9 when Ar is anthryl, phenanthryl, or biphenyl, and 1 to 4 when Ar is pyridyl.
 56. A carbon black product of claim 54, wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, and benzothiadiazolyl; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of S_(k)R, SSO₃H, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), and 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene; y is an integer from 1-5 when Ar is phenyl, 1-4 when Ar is benzothiazolyl, and 1-3 when Ar is benzothiadiazolyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 57. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one attached organic group having a) an aromatic group and b) an acidic group having a pKa of less than 11, or a salt of an acidic group having a pKa of less than 11, or a mixture of an acidic group having a pKa of less than 11 and a salt of an acidic group having a pKa of less than 11, wherein at least one aromatic group of the organic group is directly attached to the carbon black.
 58. A carbon black product of claim 57 wherein the acidic group is a sulfonic acid group, a sulfinic acid group, a carboxylic acid group, or a phosphonic acid group.
 59. A carbon black product of claim 57 wherein the acidic group is SSO₃H, OPO₃H₂, or OSO₃H.
 60. A carbon black product of claim 57 wherein the aromatic group is a substituted phenyl group.
 61. A carbon black product of claim 57 wherein the aromatic group is a substituted naphthyl group.
 62. A carbon black product of claim 57 wherein the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted sulfophenyl group or a salt thereof, or the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted (polysulfo)phenyl group or a salt thereof.
 63. A carbon black product of claim 57 wherein the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted carboxyphenyl group or a salt thereof, or the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted (polycarboxy)phenyl group or a salt thereof.
 64. A carbon black product of claim 57 wherein the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonaphthyl group or a salt thereof, or the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted (polysulfo)naphthyl group or a salt thereof.
 65. A carbon black product of claim 57 wherein the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted carboxynaphthyl group or a salt thereof, or the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted (polycarboxy)naphthyl group or a salt thereof.
 66. A carbon black product of claim 57 wherein the organic group is p-sulfophenyl or a salt thereof.
 67. A carbon black product of claim 57 wherein the organic group is p-carboxyphenyl or a salt thereof.
 68. A carbon black product of claim 57 wherein the organic group is the Na salt of p-sulfophenyl.
 69. A carbon black product of claim 57 wherein the organic group is a hydroxysulfophenyl group.
 70. A carbon black product of claim 69 wherein the organic group is 4-hydroxy-3-sulfophenyl.
 71. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group having a) an aromatic group and b) a cationic group, wherein at least one aromatic group of the organic group is attached to the carbon black.
 72. A carbon black product of claim 71 wherein the cationic group is a quaternary ammonium group or a quaternary phosphonium group.
 73. A carbon black product of claim 71 wherein the aromatic group is a substituted phenyl group.
 74. A carbon black product of claim 71 wherein the aromatic group is a substituted naphthyl group.
 75. A carbon black product of claim 71 wherein the organic group is X⁻R₃N⁺(CH₂)_(y)Ar, wherein Ar is phenylene or naphthylene; R is independently hydrogen or a C₁-C₂₀ alkyl group; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and y is an integer from 0 to
 4. 76. A carbon black product of claim 75, wherein y is
 0. 77. A carbon black product of claim 71, wherein the organic group is X⁻R₃N⁺CH₂COAr, wherein R is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₁₀ alkyl, Ar is phenylene or naphthylene; and X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid.
 78. A carbon black product of claim 71 wherein the organic group is a N-substituted pyridinium group.
 79. A carbon black product of claim 78, wherein the organic group is —C₅H₄N—R⁺X⁻, where R is a substituted or unsubstituted C₁-C₂₀ hydrocarbon, and X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid.
 80. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one attached organic group having a) a C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group and b) an acidic group having a pKa of less than 11, or a salt of an acidic group having a pKa of less than 11, or a mixture of an acidic group having a pKa of less than 11 and a salt of an acidic group having a pKa of less than 11, wherein the C₁-C₁₂ alkyl group of the organic group is directly attached to the carbon black.
 81. A carbon black product of claim 80 wherein the organic group is C₂H₄SO₃H.
 82. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group Ar(CH₂)_(q)S_(k)(CH₂)_(r)Ar′ attached to the carbon black, wherein Ar and Ar′ may be the same or different and are chosen from the group consisting of arylene and heteroarylene; k is an integer from 1 to 8; q is an integer from 0 to 4; and r is an integer from 0 to
 4. 83. A carbon black product of claim 82 wherein Ar and Ar′ are an arylene; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and q and r are
 0. 84. A carbon black product of claim 82 wherein Ar and Ar′ are phenylene; k is an integer from 2 to 4; and q and r are
 0. 85. A carbon black product of claim 84 wherein k is
 2. 86. A carbon black product of claim 82 wherein Ar and Ar′ are a heteroarylene; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and q and r are
 0. 87. A carbon black product of claim 82 wherein Ar and Ar′ are benzothiazolylene; k is an integer from 2 to 4; and q and r are
 0. 88. A carbon black product of claim 87 wherein k is
 2. 89. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group Ar(CH₂)_(q)S_(k)(CH₂)_(r)Ar′ attached to the carbon black, wherein Ar is an arylene or a heteroarylene; Ar′ is an aryl or a heteroaryl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; q is an integer from 0 to 4; and r is an integer from 0 to
 4. 90. A carbon black product of claim 89 wherein Ar is an arylene; Ar′ is an aryl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and q and r are
 0. 91. A carbon black product of claim 89 wherein Ar is phenylene; Ar′ is phenyl; k is an integer from 2 to 4; and q and r are
 0. 92. A carbon black product of claim 89 wherein Ar is phenylene; Ar′ is a heteroaryl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and q and r are
 0. 93. A carbon black product of claim 89 wherein Ar is phenylene; Ar′ is benzothiazolyl; k is an integer from 2 to 4; and q and r are
 0. 94. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group ArSH attached to the carbon black, wherein Ar is an arylene or a heteroarylene.
 95. A carbon black product of claim 94 wherein Ar is phenylene.
 96. A carbon black product of claim 94 wherein Ar is benzothiazolylene.
 97. A carbon black product of claim 71, wherein the organic group is Ar—Ar′⁺X⁻, wherein Ar is substituted or unsubstituted phenylene, substituted or unsubstituted naphthylene; Ar′ is substituted or unsubstituted pyridinium; and X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid.
 98. A carbon black product of claim 97, wherein the organic group is —C₆H₄(NC₅H₅)⁺X⁻.
 99. A process for producing a carbon black product having an organic group attached to the carbon black, comprising the steps of introducing a carbon black and at least one diazonium salt into a pelletizer; and reacting said diazonium salt with said carbon black.
 100. The process of claim 99, wherein the diazonium salt is reacted with the carbon black in the presence of water.
 101. The process of claim 99, wherein the diazonium salt is introduced as an aqueous solution or slurry.
 102. The process of claim 99, wherein the carbon black product is pelletized.
 103. The process of claim 101, wherein the carbon black product is pelletized.
 104. A process for producing a carbon black product having an organic group attached to the carbon black, comprising the steps of generating a diazonium salt in the presence of carbon black in a pelletizer; and reacting said diazonium salt with said carbon black.
 105. The process of claim 104, wherein the diazonium salt is generated in the presence of water.
 106. The process of claim 104, wherein the diazonium salt is generated from at least one primary amine, at least one acid, and at least one nitrite.
 107. The process of claim 105, wherein the diazonium salt is generated from at least one primary amine, at least one acid, and at least one nitrite.
 108. The process of claim 107, wherein the nitrite is introduced into the pelletizer as an aqueous solution.
 109. The process of claim 107, wherein the amine is introduced into the pelletizer as an aqueous solution or slurry of an acid salt of the amine.
 110. The process of claim 107, wherein the nitrite is introduced into the pelletizer as an aqueous solution and the amine is introduced into the pelletizer as an aqueous solution or slurry of an acid salt of the amine.
 111. The process of claim 107, wherein the amine and the carbon black are introduced into the pelletizer as a dry mixture.
 112. A plastic composition comprising a plastic and a carbon black product prepared according to the process of claim
 1. 113. A plastic composition comprising a plastic and a carbon black product prepared according to the process of claim
 5. 114. A paper product comprising paper pulp and a carbon black product having at least one organic group attached to the carbon black wherein the organic group is substituted with an ionic or an ionizable group.
 115. A paper product of claim 114 wherein the ionic or ionizable group is a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfinic acid group or a salt thereof, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphonic acid group or a salt thereof, or a quaternary ammonium group.
 116. A paper product of claim 114 wherein the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted sulfophenyl group or a salt thereof, or the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted (polysulfo)phenyl group or a salt thereof.
 117. A paper product of claim 114 wherein the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonaphthyl group or a salt thereof, or the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted (polysulfo)naphthyl group or a salt thereof.
 118. A paper product of claim 114 wherein the organic group is p-sulfophenyl or a salt thereof.
 119. A rubber composition prepared by the process comprising mixing rubber and a carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group Ar(CH₂)_(q)S_(k)(CH₂)_(r)Ar′ attached to the carbon black, wherein Ar and Ar′, which may be the same or different, are substituted or unsubstituted arylene or heteroarylene groups; k is an integer from 1 to 8; q is an integer from 0 to 4; and r is an integer from 0 to
 4. 120. A rubber composition of claim 119 wherein Ar and Ar′ are an arylene; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and q and r are
 0. 121. A rubber composition of claim 119 wherein Ar and Ar′ are phenylene; k is an integer from 2 to 4; and q and r are
 0. 122. A rubber composition of claim 121 wherein k is
 2. 123. A rubber composition of claim 119 wherein Ar and Ar′ are a heteroarylene; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and q and r are
 0. 124. A rubber composition of claim 119 wherein Ar and Ar′ are benzothiazolylene; k is an integer from 2 to 4; and q and r are
 0. 125. A rubber composition of claim 124 wherein k is
 2. 126. A rubber composition prepared by the process comprising mixing rubber and a carbon black product comprising carbon black and at least one organic group Ar(CH₂)_(q)S_(k)(CH₂)_(r)Ar′ attached to the carbon black, wherein Ar is an arylene or a heteroarylene; Ar′ is an aryl or a heteroaryl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; q is an integer from 0 to 4; and r is an integer from 0 to
 4. 127. A rubber composition of claim 126 wherein Ar is an arylene; Ar′ is an aryl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and q and r are
 0. 128. A rubber composition of claim 126 wherein Ar is phenylene; Ar′ is phenyl; k is an integer from 2 to 4; and q and r are
 0. 129. A rubber composition of claim 126 wherein Ar is phenylene; Ar′ is a heteroaryl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and q and r are
 0. 130. A rubber composition of claim 126 wherein Ar is phenylene; Ar′ is benzothiazolyl; k is an integer from 2 to 4; and q and r are
 0. 131. A rubber composition prepared by the process comprising mixing rubber and a carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group ArSH attached to the carbon black, wherein Ar is an arylene or a heteroarylene.
 132. A rubber composition of claim 131 wherein Ar is phenylene.
 133. A rubber composition of claim 131 wherein Ar is benzothiazolylene.
 134. A rubber composition of claim 119 which is cured.
 135. A rubber composition of claim 126 which is cured.
 136. A rubber composition of claim 131 which is cured.
 137. A rubber composition of claim 122 which is cured.
 138. A fiber or textile composition comprising a fiber or textile and a carbon black product having at least one organic group attached to the carbon black wherein the organic group is substituted with an ionic or an ionizable group.
 139. A fiber or textile composition of claim 138 wherein the ionic or ionizable group is a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a sulfonic acid group or a salt thereof, a carboxylic acid group or a salt thereof, a phosphonic acid group or a salt thereof, or a quaternary ammonium group.
 140. A fiber or textile composition of claim 138 wherein the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted sulfophenyl group or a salt thereof, or the organic group is substituted or unsubstituted (polysulfo)phenyl group or a salt thereof.
 141. A fiber or textile composition of claim 138 wherein the organic group is a substituted or unsubstituted sulfonaphthyl group or a salt thereof, or the organic group is substituted or unsubstituted (polysulfo)napthyl group or a salt thereof.
 142. A fiber or textile composition of claim 138 wherein the organic group is p-sulfophenyl or a salt thereof.
 143. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group attached to the carbon black, wherein the organic group is an aromatic group of the formula A_(y)Ar, wherein: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene; wherein k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 144. A carbon black product of claim 143, wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthryl, biphenyl, and pyridyl; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, COOLi, COONa, COOK, COO⁻NR₄ ⁺, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, SO₃Li, SO₃Na, SO₃K, SO₃ ⁻NR₄ ⁺, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, PO₃H₂, PO₃HNa, PO₃Na₂, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R is hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl or arylene; wherein k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and y is an integer from 1 to to 5 when Ar is phenyl, 1 to 7 when Ar is naphthyl, 1 to 9 when Ar is anthryl, phenanthryl, or biphenyl, and 1 to 4 when Ar is pyridyl.
 145. A carbon black product of claim 143, wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, and benzothiadiazolyl; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of S_(k)R, SSO₃H, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), and 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene; y is an integer from 1-5 when Ar is phenyl, 1-4 when Ar is benzothiazolyl, and 1-3 when Ar is benzothiadiazolyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 146. A rubber composition prepared by the process comprising mixing rubber and a carbon black product having at least one organic group attached to the carbon black, wherein the organic group is A_(y)Ar, wherein: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, halogen, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃— salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene; wherein k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 147. A rubber composition of claim 146, wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, and benzothiadiazolyl; A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of S_(k)R, SSO₃H, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), and 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); and a linear, branched or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, unsubstituted or substituted with one or more of said functional groups; where R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl, arylene, heteroarylene, or alkylarylene; y is an integer from 1-5 when Ar is phenyl, 1% when Ar is benzothiazolyl, and 1-3 when Ar is benzothiadiazolyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), where x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 148. A rubber composition of claim 146 which is cured.
 149. A rubber composition of claim 147 which is cured.
 150. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group ArNH₂ attached to the carbon black, wherein Ar is a substituted or unsubstituted arylene.
 151. A carbon black product of claim 150, wherein Ar is phenylene.
 152. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group ArQAr′NH₂, wherein Ar and Ar′, which may be the same or different, are substituted or unsubstituted arylene, and Q is CH₂ or SO₂.
 153. A carbon black product of claim 152, wherein Ar and Ar′ are phenylene.
 154. A carbon black product having an organic group attached to the carbon black, obtainable by a process comprising the step of reacting at least one diazonium salt with a carbon black in a protic reaction medium, wherein said diazonium salt is generated in situ from a primary amine, the protic medium is an aqueous medium, and the primary amine is an amine of the formula A_(y)ArNH₂, in which: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of a branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ substituted alkyl, branched or unbranched C₃-C₂₀ unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups and/or halogen(s); wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6; and wherein Ar is optionally further substituted with alkyl(s) and/or halogen(s).
 155. The carbon black product of claim 154, wherein Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of a branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups and/or halogen(s); wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6; and wherein Ar is optionally further substituted with alkyl(s) and/or halogen(s).
 156. The carbon product of claim 154, wherein Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups and/or halogen(s); wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6; and wherein Ar is optionally further substituted with alkyl(s) and/or halogen(s).
 157. The carbon black product of claim 154, wherein Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is a functional group selected from the group consisting of a branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ substituted alkyl, branched or unbranched C₃-C₂₀ unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl;
 158. A carbon black product, having an aromatic group attached to the carbon black, obtainable by a process comprising the step of reacting at least one diazonium salt with a carbon black in a protic reaction medium, wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, in which: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of a branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ substituted alkyl, branched or unbranched C₃-C₂₀ unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups and/or halogen(s); wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6; and wherein Ar is optionally further substituted with alkyl(s) and/or halogen(s).
 159. The carbon black product of claim 158, wherein Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of a branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups and/or halogen(s); wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z), or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6; and wherein Ar is optionally further substituted with alkyl(s) and/or halogen(s).
 160. The carbon black product of claim 158, wherein Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups and/or halogen(s); wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6; and wherein Ar is optionally further substituted with alkyl(s) and/or halogen(s).
 161. The carbon black product of claim 158, wherein Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is a functional group selected from the group consisting of a branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ substituted alkyl, branched or unbranched C₃-C₂₀ unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl;
 162. The carbon black product of claim 158, wherein Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of a branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ substituted alkyl, branched or unbranched C₃-C₂₀ unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups; wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 163. The carbon black product of claim 158, wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, in which: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthyl, biphenyl, and pyridyl; y is an integer from 1 to 5 when Ar is phenyl, 1 to 7 when Ar is naphthyl, 1 to 9 when Ar is anthryl, phenanthryl, or biphenyl, and 1 to 4 when Ar is pyridyl; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of a branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, COOLi, COONa, COOK, COO⁻NR⁺, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, SO₃Li, SO₃Na, SO₃K, SO₃ ⁻NR₄ ⁺, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, PO₃HNa, PO₃Na₂, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups; wherein R is hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid.
 164. The carbon black product of claim 158, wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, in which: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, benzothiazolyl, and benzothiadiazolyl; y is an integer from 1 to 5 when Ar is phenyl, 1 to 7 when Ar is naphthyl, 1 to 4 when Ar is benzothiazolyl, and 1 to 3 when Ar is benzothiadiazolyl; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of S_(k)R, SSO₃H, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups; wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 165. The carbon black product of claim 158, wherein Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups; wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 166. The carbon black product of claim 165, wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, in which: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl, anthryl, phenanthyl, biphenyl, and pyridyl; y is an integer from 1 to 5 when Ar is phenyl, 1 to 7 when Ar is naphthyl, 1 to 9 when Ar is anthryl, phenanthryl, or biphenyl, and 1 to 4 when Ar is pyridyl; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, COOLi, COONa, COOK, COO⁻NR₄ ⁺, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, SO₃Li, SO₃Na, SO₃K, SO₃ ⁻NR₄ ⁺, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, PO₃HNa, PO₃Na₂, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups; wherein R is hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid.
 167. The carbon black product of claim 165, wherein said aromatic group is a group of the formula A_(y)Ar, in which: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, and benzothiadiazolyl; y is an integer from 1 to 5 when Ar is phenyl, 1 to 4 when Ar is benzothiazolyl, and 1 to 3 when Ar is benzothiadiazolyl; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of S_(k)R, SSO₃H, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups; wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 168. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group attached to the carbon black, wherein the organic group is an aromatic group of the formula A_(y)Ar, wherein: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of a branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ substituted alkyl, branched or unbranched C₃-C₂₀ unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups and/or halogen(s); wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6; and wherein Ar is optionally further substituted with alkyl(s) and/or halogen(s).
 169. The carbon black product of claim 168, wherein: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of a branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ substituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups and/or halogen(s); wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6; and wherein Ar is optionally further substituted with alkyl(s) and/or halogen(s).
 170. The carbon black product of claim 168, wherein: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups and/or halogen(s); wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to 6; and wherein Ar is optionally further substituted with alkyl(s) and/or halogen(s).
 171. The carbon black product of claim 168, wherein: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is a functional group selected from the group consisting of a branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ substituted alkyl, branched or unbranched C₃-C₂₀ unsubstituted alkyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkenyl, unsubstituted or substituted alkynyl, unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl, unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl, and unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl;
 172. The carbon black product of claim 168, wherein: Ar is an aromatic or heteroaromatic radical; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, a carboxylate salt, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, a sulfonate salt, OSO₃H, OSO₃ ⁻ salts, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, OPO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphate salt, PO₃H₂, a monobasic or dibasic phosphonate salt, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SSO₃H, a SSO₃ ⁻ salt, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl), SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups; wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein x is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 173. The carbon black product of claim 168, wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, naphthyl anthryl, phenanthryl, biphenyl, and pyridyl; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of OR, COR, COOR, OCOR, COOLi, COONa, COOK, COO⁻NR₄ ⁺, CN, NR₂, SO₃H, SO₃Li, SO₃Na, SO₃K, SO₃ ⁻NR₄ ⁺, NR(COR), CONR₂, NO₂, PO₃H₂, PO₃HNa, PO₃Na₂, N═NR, N₂ ⁺X⁻, NR₃ ⁺X⁻, PR₃ ⁺X⁻, S_(k)R, SOR, and SO₂R; and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups; wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; X⁻ is a halide or an anion derived from a mineral or organic acid.
 174. The carbon black product of claim 168, wherein: Ar is an aromatic radical selected from the group consisting of phenyl, benzothiazolyl, and benzothiadiazolyl; y is an integer from 1 to the total number of —CH radicals present in the aromatic radical; and A, which can be the same or different when y is greater than 1, is independently a substituent on the aromatic radical selected from: a functional group selected from the group consisting of S_(k)R, SSO₃H, SO₂NRR′, SO₂SR, SNRR′, SNQ, SO₂NQ, CO₂NQ, S-(1,4-piperazinediyl)-SR, 2-(1,3-dithianyl), 2-(1,3-dithiolanyl); and a linear, branched, aromatic, or cyclic hydrocarbon radical, substituted with one or more of said functional groups; wherein R and R′, which can be the same or different, are hydrogen; branched or unbranched C₁-C₂₀ unsubstituted or substituted alkyl, alkenyl, or alkynyl; unsubstituted or substituted aryl; unsubstituted or substituted heteroaryl; unsubstituted or substituted alkylaryl; or unsubstituted or substituted arylalkyl; k is an integer from 1 to 8; and Q is (CH₂)_(w), (CH₂)_(x)O(CH₂)_(z), (CH₂)_(x)NR(CH₂)_(z) or (CH₂)_(x)S(CH₂)_(z), wherein X is 1 to 6, z is 1 to 6, and w is 2 to
 6. 175. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group having a) an aromatic group and b) a cationic group, wherein at least one aromatic group of the organic group is attached to the carbon black and wherein the organic group is a N-substituted pyridinium group.
 176. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group ArOH attached to the carbon black, wherein Ar is arylene or heteroarylene.
 177. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group Ar(CH₂)_(q)S_(k)(CH₂)_(r)Ar′ attached to the carbon black, wherein Ar and Ar′ are arylene, k is an integer from 1 to 8, and q and r are
 0. 178. A carbon black product comprising a carbon black and at least one organic group Ar(CH₂)_(q)S_(k)(CH₂)_(r)Ar′ attached to the carbon black, wherein Ar and Ar′ are heteroarylene, k is an integer from 1 to 8, and q and r are
 0. 179. A process for preparing a carbon black product having an organic group attached to the carbon black comprising the step of: reacting at least one diazonium salt with a carbon black in a protic reaction medium, wherein the diazonium salt is generated in situ from the primary amine H₂NArS_(k)ArNH₂ wherein Ar is benzothiazolylene and k is
 2. 180. A plastic composition comprising a plastic and the carbon product according to claim
 154. 181. A paper product comprising paper pulp and the carbon product according to claim
 154. 182. A fiber or textile composition comprising a fiber or textile and the carbon black product according to claim
 154. 183. An elastomer composition obtainable by mixing at least one elastomer and the carbon black product according to claim
 154. 184. The elastomer composition of claim 183, wherein the elastomer comprises at least one synthetic or natural polymer of 1,3-butadiene, styrene, isoprene, isobutylene, 2,3-dimethyl-1,3-butadiene, acrylonitrile, ethylene, or propylene.
 185. The elastomer composition of claim 184, further comprising at least one additive selected from the group consisting of: a curing agent, a coupling agent, a processing aid, an oil extender, and an antioxidant.
 186. A cured elastomer composition obtainable by curing the elastomer composition of claim
 183. 187. A rubber composition obtainable by mixing a rubber and the carbon black product according to claim
 154. 188. The rubber composition of claim 187, wherein the rubber comprises a natural rubber, a synthetic rubber, or mixtures or a natural and synthetic rubber.
 189. The rubber composition of claim 188, wherein the rubber is selected from the group consisting of: copolymers of from about 10 to about 70 percent by weight of styrene and from about 90 to about 30 percent by weight of butadiene, polymers of conjugated dienes, and copolymers of conjugated dienes with ethylenic group-containing monomers.
 190. The rubber composition of claim 189, wherein the rubber is a rubber selected from the group consisting of: polybutadiene, polyisoprene, polychloroprene, and poly(styrene-butadiene).
 191. The rubber composition of claim 190, further comprising at least one additive selected from the group consisting of: a curing agent, a coupling agent, a processing aid, an oil extender, and an antioxidant.
 192. A cured rubber composition obtainable by curing the rubber composition of claim
 187. 193. A tire or tire component comprising the elastomer composition of claims
 183. 194. A tire or tire component comprising the rubber composition of claims
 187. 195. A method of decreasing the tan delta max at 70 deg C. of an elastomer composition comprising the step of combining an elastomer with at least one carbon black product of claims
 154. 196. The method of claim 195, further comprising forming the elastomer composition into a tire or tire component.
 197. A method of increasing the abrasion resistance of an elastomer composition comprising the step of combining an elastomer with at least one carbon black product of claim
 154. 198. The method of claim 197, further comprising forming the elastomer composition into a tire or tire component. 